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ab; and because the point b is the centre of the circle ace, bc is equal to ba but it has been proved that ca is equal to ab; therefore ca, cb, are each of them equal to ab; but things which are equal to the same are equal to one another (1 ax.); therefore ca is equal to cb; wherefore ca, ab, bc are equal to one another; and the triangle abc is therefore equilateral, and it is described upon the given straight line a b. Which was to be done.

PROPOSITION II.-PROBLEM.

From a given point to draw a straight line equal to a given straight line.

LET a be the given point, and bc the given straight line; it is required to draw from the point a a straight line equal to bc.

From the point a to b draw (1 post.) the straight line ab; and upon it describe (i. 1) the equilateral triangle da b, and produce (2 post.) the straight lines da, db, to e and f; from the centre b, at the distance bc, describe (3 post.) the circle cgh, and from the centre d, at the distance dg, describe the circle gkl. al shall be equal to bc.

Because the point b is the centre of the circle cgh, bc is equal (15 def.) to bg; and because d is the centre of the circle gkl, dl is equal to dg, and da, db, parts of them,

k

h

d

g f

63

a

are equal; therefore the remainder al is equal to the remainder (3 ax.) bg; but it has been shewn that bc is equal to bg; wherefore al and bc are each of them equal to bg; and things that are equal to the same are equal to one another; therefore the straight line al is equal to bc. Wherefore from the given point a a straight line al has been drawn equal to the given straight line bc. Which was to be done.

PROPOSITION III.-PROBLEM.

From the greater of two given straight lines to cut off a part equal to the less..

LET ab and c be the two given straight lines, whereof a b is the greater. It is required to cut off from a b, the greater, a part equal to c, the less.

From the point a draw (i. 2) the straight line a d equal to c; and from the centre a, and at the distance a d, describe (3 post.) the circle def; ae shall be equal to c. Because a is the centre of the circle def, ae is equal to a d; but the straight line c is likewise equal

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e b

to ad; whence ae and c are each of them equal to ad; therefore the straight

line a e is equal (1 ax.) to c, and from a b, the greater of two straight lines, a part ae has been cut off equal to c the less. Which was to be done.

PROPOSITION IV.-THEOREM.

If two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other, each to each; and have likewise the angles contained by those sides equal to one another; they shall likewise have their bases, or third sides, equal; and the two triangles shall be equal; and their other angles shall be equal, each to each, viz. those to which the equal sides are opposite.

b

a

се

d

def, and the angle a cb to dfe.

LET a bc, def be two triangles, which have the two sides ab, ac equal to the two sides de, df, each to each, viz. ab to de, and a c to df; and the angle bac equal to the angle e df, the base bc shall be equal to the base ef; and the triangle abc to the triangle def; and the other angles to which the equal sides are opposite, shall be equal, each to each, viz. the angle abc to the angle

For, if the triangle abc be applied to def, so that the point a may be on d, and the straight line ab upon de; the point b shall coincide with the point e, because ab is equal to de; and ab coinciding with de, ac shall coincide with df, because the angle bac is equal to the angle edf; wherefore also the point c shall coincide with the point f, because the straight line ac is equal to df: but the point b coincides with the point e; wherefore the base b c shall coincide with the base ef, because the point b coinciding with e, and c with f, if the base bc does not coincide with the base e f, two straight lines would enclose a space, which is impossible (10 ax.). Therefore the base b c shall coincide with the base ef, and be equal to it. Wherefore the whole triangle a b c shall coincide with the whole triangle def, and be equal to it; and the other angles of the one shall coincide with the remaining angles of the other, and be equal to them, viz. the angle a bc to the angle def, and the angle a cb to dfe. Therefore, if two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other, each to each, and have likewise the angles contained by those sides equal to one another, their bases shall likewise be equal, and the triangles be equal, and their other angles to which the equal sides are opposite shall be equal, each to each. Which was to be demonstrated.

PROPOSITION V.—THEOREM.

The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another; and if the equal sides be produced, the angles upon the other side of the base shall also be equal.

LET abc be an isosceles triangle, of which the side a b is equal to a c, and let the straight lines a b, a c be produced to d and e, the angle a bc shall be equal to the angle a c b, and the angle cbd to the angle bce.

In bd take any point f, and from ae the greater, cut off ag equal (i. 3) to af, the less, and join fc, g b.

f

b

a

g

Because af is equal to a g, and ab to a c, the two sides fa, a c are equal to the two ga, ab, each to each; and they contain the angle fag common to the two triangles afc, agb; therefore the base fc is equal (i. 4) to the base g b, and the triangle afc to the triangle agb; and the remaining angles of the one are equal (i. 4) to the remaining angles of the other, each to each, to which the equal sides are opposite; viz. the angle acf to the angle abg, and the angle afc to the angle a gb: and because the whole af is equal to the whole ag, of which the parts a b, a c, are equal; the remainder bf shall be equal (3 ax.) to the remainder cg; and fc was proved to be equal to gb; therefore the two sides bf, fc are equal to the two cg, gb, each to each; and the angle bfc is equal to the angle cgb, and the base bc is common to the two triangles bfc, cgb; wherefore the triangles are equal (i. 4), and their remaining angles, each to each, to which the equal sides are opposite; therefore the angle fbc is equal to the angle g cb, and the angle bcf to the angle cbg: and since it has been demonstrated, that the whole angle abg is equal to the whole acf, the parts of which, the angles c bg, bcf are also equal; the remaining augle abc is therefore equal to the remaining angle a cb, which are the angles at the base of the triangle a b c and it has also been proved that the angle fbc is equal to the angle gcb, which are the angles upon the other side of the base. Therefore the angles at the base, &c. Q. E. D.

COROLLARY.

/a

Hence every equilateral triangle is also equiangular.

PROPOSITION VI.-THEOREM.

If two angles of a triangle be equal to one another, the sides which subtend, or are opposite to, the equal angles, shall also be equal to one another. LET abc be a triangle having the angle abc equal to the angle acb; the side a b is also equal to the side a c.

For, if a b be not equal to a c, one of them is greater than the other: let ab be the greater; and from it cut (i. 3) off db equal to a c, the less, and join dc; therefore, because in the triangles db c, a cb, db is equal to a c, and be common to both, the two sides, db, bc are equal to the two ac, cb, each to each; and the angle dbc is equal to the angle acb; therefore the base dc is equal to the base ab, and the triangle db c is equal to the triangle (i. 4) a cb, the less to the greater; which is absurd. Therefore ab is not unequal to a c, that is, it is equal to it. Wherefore, if two angles, &c. Q. E. D.

b

d

COR. Hence every equiangular triangle is also equilateral.

a

PROPOSITION VII.-THEOREM.

Upon the same base, and on the same side of it, there cannot be two triangles that have their sides which are terminated in one extremity of the base equal to one another, and likewise those which are terminated in the other extremity.

d

Ir it be possible, let there be two triangles a c b, a d b, upon the same base a b, and upon the same side of it, which have their sides ca, da terminated in the extremity a of the base equal to one another, and likewise their sides cb, db, that are terminated in b.

a

Join cd; then, in the case in which the vertex of each of the triangles is without the other triangle, because ac is equal to a d, the angle a cd is equal (i. 5) to the angle a dc: but the angle a cd is greater than the angle bcd; therefore the angle adc is greater also than bcd; much greater then is the angle bdc than the angle bcd. Again, because cb is equal to db, the angle bd c is equal (i. 5) to the angle bcd; but it has been demonstrated to be greater than it; which is impossible.

But if one of the produce a c, ad to e,

a

vertices, as d, be within the other triangle a cb; f; therefore, because a c is equal to ad in the triangle acd, the angles ecd, fdc upon the other side of the base cd are equal (i. 5) to one another but the angle ecd is greater than the angle bed wherefore the angle fdc is likewise greater than b c d; much greater then is the angle bd c than the angle bcd. Again, because cb is equal to db, the angle bdc is equal (i. 5) to the angle bcd; but bdc has been proved to be greater than the same bcd; which is imb possible.

The case in which the vertex of one triangle is upon a side of the other, needs no demonstration.

Therefore, upon the same base, and on the same side of it, &c. Q. E. D.

PROPOSITION VIII.—THEOREM.

If two triangles have two sides of the one equal to two sides of the other, each to each, and have likewise their bases equal; the angle which is contained by the two sides of the one shall be equal to the angle contained by the two sides equal to them, of the other.

LET abc, def be two triangles, having the two sides a b, ac, equal to

the two sides de, df, each to each, viz. a b to de, and ac to df; and also the base bc equal to the base ef. The angle bac is equal to the angle ed f

a

b

с

d g

f

For, if the triangle abc be applied to def, so that the point b be on e, and the straight line bc upon ef; the point c shall also coincide with the point f, because bc is equal to ef Therefore bc coinciding with ef; ba and ac shall coincide with ed and df; for, if the base bc coincides with the base ef, but the sides ba, ca do not coincide with the sides ed, fd, but have a different situation, as eg, fg, then upon the same base ef, and upon the same side of it, there can be two triangles that have their sides which are terminated in one extremity of the base equal to one another, and likewise their sides terminated in the other extremity; but this is impossible (i. 7); therefore, if the base bc coincides with the base ef, the sides ba, a c, cannot but coincide with the sides ed, df; wherefore likewise the angle bac coincides with the angle ed f, and is equal (8ax.) to it. Therefore if two triangles, &c. Q. E.D.

PROPOSITION IX.-PROBLEM.

To bisect a given rectilineal angle, that is, to divide it into two equal angles.

LET bac be the given rectilineal angle, it is required to bisect it.

Take any point d in a b, and from ac cut (i. 3) off a e equal to ad; join de, and upon it describe (i. 1) an equilateral triangle def; then join af; the straight line af bisects the angle bac

d

a

A

Because a d is equal to a e, and af is common to the two triangles daf, eaf; the two sides da, af, are equal to the two sides ea, af, each to each; and the base df is equal to the base ef; therefore the angle daf is equal (i. 8) to the angle eaf; wherefore the given rectilineal angle ba c is bisected b by the straight line af. Which was to be done.

f

PROPOSITION X.-PROBLEM.

To bisect a given finite straight line, that is, to divide it into two equal

parts.

LET a b be the given straight line, it is required to divide it into two equal parts.

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