ON EVERY PART OF ARITHMETIC, AND A COMPENDIOUS REVISED, CORrected, and GREATLY ENLARGED, HALLOWELL : PRINTED AND PUBLISHED by Glazier, MASTERS & Co. DISTRICT OF MAINE, ss. BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the seventh day of December, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and twenty-two, and the forty-seventh year of the Independence of the United-States of America, GOODALE, GLAZIER & COMPANY of the District of Maine, have deposited in this office, the title of a Book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors in the words following, viz :-"Improved edition with questions. A short system of Practical Arithmetic, compiled from the best authori"ties; to which is annexed a short plan of Book-keeping. The whole "designed for the use of Schools. By William Kinne, A. M. Fourth "edition, with questions on every part of Arithmetic, and a compendious "system of Tax making Revised, corrected and greatly enlarged, by "Daniel Robinson. Hallowell, printed and published by Goodale, Glazier " & Co."-In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United-States, entitled, "An Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned; and also to an Act, entitled "An Act supplementary to an Act, entitled an Act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts and books to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of designing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." JOHN MUSSEY, JR., Clerk of the District Court of Maine. A true copy as of record. Attest, J. MUSSEY, JR., Clerk D. C. Maine. Advertisement to the Seventh Edition. IT has been the primary purpose, in each improved Edition of this Work, to render it more and mere plain and practical, while it should embrace every useful rule and question which might occur in the ordinary business transactions of life. To effect this object, neither time nor thought has been, in any wise, riggardly expended. Whatever was judged to be wanted, to characterize it as a plain, practical, and useful system, has been amply, though gradually, supplied. In the edition now presented to the public, part of the questions in which avoirdupois weight is concerned, has been written anew, or so altered as to allow 25 pounds only to the quarter of a hundred weight; because this practice now generally obtains in business, among merchants and traders in the UnitedStates, and has moreover been established in Maine by legislative enactment. Considerable new matter also has been crowded into the volume, and a small portion of the old withdrawn. Errour has been diligently sought for and corrected; and, it is confidently believed, is now nowhere to be found on its pages. Considered as an Epitome, whether it be susceptible of any farther degree of improvement, may be reasonably questioned. The hope is, therefore, indulged, that, though the tongue of the captious caviller should blazon defects for which others might search in vain; yet the eye of the candid critic will see nothing in this compendium which reason and truth would long hesitate to approve. Gardiner, August 1, 1828. HARVARD COLLEGE D. R. PREFACE. To adapt this work to the easy use of Instructers, I have endeavoured to simplify the definitions and rules, so as to render them as familiar and concise as the nature of the subject admits. At the same time, 1 have very considerably enlarged the Original System, by the insertion of a far greater number of practical examples, especially in the ground-rules, and by the introduction of many new rules, in order to furnish our Schools with a methodical and comprehensive Treatise of Practical Arithmetic. Works of this kind have too often abounded with abstruse and intricate questions, more puzzling than beneficial to the learner.-And some authors have dwelt too much on those of a trifling nature, which, when understood, afford no useful knowledge. To avoid these extremes, to feed and invigorate the mind, and thus form our youth for entering, with fair promise, on the pursuits of active life, have been my principal aims, in preparing this edition for the press. Most of the former demonstrations have been omitted, as being little suited to enlighten the pupil, and as excluding, in such compends, matter much more conducive to the purpose of his instruction. The book-keeping, also, has been somewhat abridged, for the admission of other matter; yet enough, it is conceived, has been retained to give the student no very imperfect idea of this branch of learning. Besides what has been substituted in place of this excluded matter, no fewer than 1 pages have been added to the last edition To the whole have been prefixed brief questions on all the most important parts of Arithmetic. But, instead of entering into a detail of these enlargements, I beg leave to refer the reader to the table of contents, or to the pages of the work itself. During the many years that I have devoted to the instruction of youth in Arithmetic, I have used various systems, all of which have just claims to scientific merit. The authors, however, have, generally, appeared to be deficient in an important point-the practical teacher's experience. They have been much too sparing of examples, more especially in the first rules. The consequence is, that the scholar is hurried through these fundamental rules faster than his comprehension and proficiency would justify. To obviate this objection, has been another design in the present undertaking. Considering that, to attain a thorough knowledge of vulgar fractions, is usually too difficult a task for young students, whose progress in Arithmetic has extended only to compound division, and that the difficulty frequently results in their utter discouragement; I have, therefore, deemed it most adviseable and advantageous to transfer these fractions (except two or three problems introductory to decimals) beyond equation of payments. But, as decimal fractions may be more easily acquired, are more simple, useful, and necessary, and are sooner wanted in the practical branches of numbers, I have thought it expedient to let them occupy that part of the work which they did in former editions. The other rules I have likewise aimed so to arrange, as to give precedence to those which are most simple and necessary, introducing the more abstruse and difficult parts last. The teacher, however, will not consider himself as being obliged to adhere strictly to this arrangement. He can, notwithstanding, take the rules in such order as he may conceive to be the most proper. D. R. TOPICS FOR EXAMINATION IN THE ARITHMETIC. 19904- What is Arithmetic? What are the four fundamental Rules for its |