Height. Area Seg. Height. Area Seg. Height. Area Seg. Height. Area Seg. .289453 .354 .248801 .396 .438 .330858 .480 .372704 .439 .331850 .481 .373703 .440.332843 .482 .374702 .441.333836 .483 .375702 .442 .334829 .484 .376702 .443 .335822 .485 .377701 .371 .265144 .413 USE OF THE FOREGOING TABLE OF AREAS. To find the area of the segment of a circle, whatever be the diameter, divide the height of the proposed segment by its own diameter, and the quotient will be a decimal to be sought in the column of heights, against which is the tabular area, similar to the proposed segment, that is to be taken out. This tabular area, multiplied by the square of the given diameter, will be the area of the segment required; similar areas being to each other as the squares of their diameters. EXAMPLE. Required the area of a segment of a circle whose diameter is 50 and height of the segment 4? 50)4.00(0.08 the tabular height corresponding with .029435. Therefore multiply .029435 If, in dividing the given height by the diameter, the quotient does not terminate in three places of decimals without a fractional remainder, then the area for that fractional part must be proportionally taken thus: having found the tabular area answering to the first three decimals of the quotient, take the difference between it and the next following tabular area, which difference is to be multiplied by the fractional remaining part of the quotient, and the product will be the corresponding proportional part to be added to the first tabular area. Thus, if the given height of a segment be 4 or 4.3333, &c. to the diameter 50, AN EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS USED IN SHIP BUILDING. ABAFT. The hinder part of a ship, or toward the stern. ABREAST. Alongside of, or opposite to; as in case of two or more ships lying with their sides parallel, and their heads equally advanced. With regard to objects within the ship, this term implies, on a line parallel with the beam, or at right angles with the ship's length. AFLOAT. Borne up, or supported by, the water. AFORE. The fore part of the ship, or towards the stem. AFTER BODY. That part of the ship's body abaft the midships or dead-flat. (See BODIES. See also DEAD FLAT.) This term is, however, more particularly used in expressing the figure or shape of that part of the ship. (See BODY PLAN, Plate I.) AFTER PART of the SHIP. All that part towards the stern from Dead Flat. Or, with regard to the relative position of things placed in the direction of the ship's length, the term after denotes that which is nearest the stern. AFTER TIMBERS. All those timbers abaft the midships or bearing part of the ship. AHEAD. Any thing which is situated before the ship, in a line with her length, is said to be ahead of her. Objects on board are said to be taken ahead when removed towards the stem. AIR FUNNEL. A cavity framed in the openings of the timbers, to admit fresh air into the ship, and convey the foul air out of it. They are, generally, and should be, placed in the largest openings so as to be clear for passing the air freely. (See Figure of the Air Funnel, on Plate I.) AMIDSHIPS. In midships, or in the middle of the ship, either with regard to her length or breadth. Hence that timber, or frame, which has the greatest breadth and capacity in the ship is denominated the midship bend. (See DEAD FLAT. See also Sheer Draught, Plate I.) ANCHOR. The instrument of iron, &c. used by means of a cable, to confine the ship when riding thereby. ANCHOR LINING. The short pieces of plank, or of board, fastened to the sides of the ship, or to stantions under the fore channel, to prevent the bill of the anchor from tearing the ship's side, when fishing or drawing up the anchor. (See SHEER DRAUGHT, Plate I.) It is only used in the navy, and many ships upon which it was fitted have lately had it taken away. ANCHOR STOCK. Large cheeks of oak bolted and hooped together transversely to the upper end of the shank of the anchor. To ANCHOR STOCK. To work planks in a manner resembling the stocks of anchors, by fashioning them in a tapering form, from the middle, and working or fixing them over each other, so that the broad or middle part of one plank shall be immediately above or below the butts or ends of two others. (See Planking, Plate III.) This method, as it occasions a greater consumption in the conversion, should only be used where particular strength is required, as in the spirkettings under the ports, &c. AN-END. The position of any mast, &c. when erected perpendicularly on the deck. The top-masts are said to be An-End when they are hoisted up to their usual station. This is also a common phrase for expressing the driving of any thing in the direction of its length, as to force one plank, &c. to meet the butt of another. ANGLE. (See BEVELLING.) APRON. A kind of false or inner stem, fayed on the aft side of the stem, from the head down to the dead-wood, in order to strengthen it. It is immediately above the foremost end of the keel, and conforms exactly to the shape of the stem, so that the convexity of one applied to the concavity of the other, forms one solid piece, which adds strength to the stem and more firmly connects it with the keel. (See Inboard Works, Plate IV.) ARCH OF THE COVE. An elliptical moulding sprung over the cove at the lower part of the taffarel. (See Perpendicular View of the Stern, Plute I.) ASTERN. Any distance abaft the ship, as opposed to ahead. Objects on board are said to be astern when nearer to the stern of the ship. ATHWART. At right angles with the ship's length, or across the line of her course. Thus the stern frame stands athwart when exactly at right angles with the middle line of the ship's length. AVAST! The command to stop or cease in any operation, as in bowsing, setting, &c. BACK OF THE POST. The after-face of the stern-post. BACK-STAYS. Ropes reaching from the topmast-heads to the afterpart of each channel or TO STOOLS called Backstay Stools, to support the topmasts, &c. and second the efforts of the shrouds when the mast is strained by a press of sail in a fresh wind. (See STEEL's " Art of Rigging.") BACKSTAY STOOL. A short piece of broad plank, bolted edgeways to the ship's side, at the after end of the channels, to project, and for the security of, the dead-eyes and chains for the back-stays. Sometimes the channels are left long enough to answer the purpose, as shewn in the Sheer Draught, Plate I. But this is an unnecessary waste of plank in the main-channel. BACK-SWEEP. (See FRAMES.) BADGE. A sort of ornament fixed on the quarters of small vessels near the stern, and containing, either a sash for the convenience of the cabin, or the representation of it. It is commonly decorated with carved work, as marine figures, martial instruments, &c. BAG OF THE HEAD RAILS. The lowest part of the head-rails, or that part which partakes of the horizontal position. (See Sheer Draught, Plate I.) BALCONY. The gallery in the stern of large ships. (See Sheer Draught, and Perpendicular View of the Stern, Plate I.) BALANCE FRAMES. Those frames, or bends of timber, of an equal capacity, or area, which are equally distant from the centre of gravity. (See FRAMES.) BALLAST. A quantity of iron, stone, gravel, or such like materials, deposited in a ship's hold, when she has no cargo, or too little to bring her sufficiently low in the water. It is used to counteract the effort of the wind upon the sails, and give the ship a proper stability, that she may be enabled to carry sail, without danger of oversetting. Some vessels are stiff enough from their construction to shift without ballast. BALUSTERS. The ornamental pillars, placed along, or in front of, the balcony in the stern and quarters of large ships. BARGE. (See BOATS.) BARK. A name given to small ships, especially to square-sterned ships, having no head-rails, and to such as have three masts without a mizen top-sail. BARREL. The main picce of a capstan or steering wheel. (See CAPSTAN and STEERING WHEEL. See also those articles in the plan of the Inboard Works, Plate IV.) BARS OF THE CAPSTANS AND POST. (See those Articles.) BASE. The foot or lowest part of a pillar; or that part of a body over which it rests, or is designed to rest. BATTENS. In general, light scantlings of wood. In ship-building, long narrow laths of fir, whose ends are formed to correspond and fit into each other with mortise and tenon. They are used in setting fair the sheer-lines on a ship. In order to be the more conspicuous they are painted black. Battens used on the mould-loft floor for drawing lines, are narrow laths, of which some are accurately graduated and marked with feet, inches, and quarters, for setting-off distances. Battens for gratings are narrow thin laths of oak. (See GRATINGS.) BEAK-HEAD. The short platform at the fore-part of the upper-deck, in large ships, placed at the height of the ports from the deck, for the convenience of the chase-guns. Its termination aft is the bulk-head called the beak-head bulk-head, which incloses the fore-part of the ship. (See Sheer Draught, Plate I.) BEAK-HEAD BEAM. the article BEAMS. The same as CAT BEAM, which see under BEAK-HEAD CARLINGS. Large carlings which are used to frame the beak-head instead of a collar beam. BEAMS. The substantial pieces of timber, which stretch athwart the ship, from side to side, to support the decks and keep the ship together |