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RING and EYE BOLTS, for securing GUNS, &c. have the part that enters into the wood cylindrical. Those for ring-bolts have the rings turned into an eye made at the head of the bolt. The rings are sometimes made angular, to receive many turns of lashing; such are the bolts for lashing the booms and spare anchors. Eye bolts have only an eye made at the head of the bolt, to which the tackles, &c. may be hooked. (See Midship Sections, Plate III.) Some eyebolts have a shoulder to them, to resist a great strain, as the

fish-tackle eye-bolt, which has a plate, or long strap, made under the eye to prevent its burying into the plank. The TOGGLE-BOLT * has a flat head and a mortise through it, that receives a toggle or pin. Its use is to confine the ensign staff, &c. into its place, by means of a strap.

A WRAIN BOLT is a ring bolt, with two or more forelock holes in it, occasionally to belay or make fast towards the middle. It is used, with the wrain staff in the ring, for setting-to the planks.

BOMB-VESSEL. A vessel of war, particularly designed for throwing shells from mortars. It was invented by the French, and said to have been first used in the bombardment of Algiers. Prior to that time the throwing of shells from sea was supposed impossible.

BOMB-BED-BEAMS, The beams which support the bomb-bed in

bomb-vessels.

BOOMKINS. (See Bumkins.)

BOTTOM. All that part of a ship or vessel that is below the wales. Hence we use the epithet sharp-bottomed, for vessels intended for quicksailing; and full-bottomed, for such as are designed to carry large cargoes. BOW. The circular part of the ship forward, terminated at the rabbet of the stem.

TO BOWSE. To pull upon any body with a tackle, &c. in order to remove it.

BOWSPRIT. The boom or mast projecting over the stem. (See Sheer Draught, Plate I).

BOXING. A projection of wood formerly left on the hawse-pieces, in wake of the hawse-holes, and which projected as far out as the plank inside and out. This method of fitting the hawse-holes is now, however, generally laid aside; as, among other advantages which attend the present practice, it is found that, as the method of boxing consumed an unnecessary quantity of large timber, this expence is now avoided: beside which, the planks, without boxing, run forward to the stem, and thereby. strengthen the bow. The purpose of boxing is much better answered by a pipe of lead let through the holes, and turned with a flap inside and out, the undersides of which are the thickest, to allow for the wearing of the cable.

The term BOXING is also applied to the scarph of the lower piece of stem, let flatwise into the fore foot. (See Sheer Draught, Plate I.)

BRACES. Straps of iron, copper, or mixed metal, secured with bolts and screws to the stern-post and bottom planks. In the after ends are holes to receive the pintles by which the rudder is hung. (See Sheer Draught, Plate I.)

*The figure of this and other bolts may be seen in STEEL'S "Art of Mastmaking."

BRACES formerly called POINTERS, are also square pieces of timber fixed diagonally across the hold, to support the bilge and prevent the ship's working loose. (See Midship's Section, Plate III.) Braces were formerly fitted to extend from the bilge to the middle of the beam above.

BRACKETS. Short crooked timbers, resembling knees, for support or ornament. The HAIR-BRACKET is the boundary of the aft part of the figurehead, and its lower part finishes with the fore part of the upper deck. (See Sheer Draught, Plate I.) The CONSOLE BRACKET is a light piece of ornament, at the fore part of the quarter gallery, sometimes called a CANTING-LIVRE.

STERN-BRACKETS are carved ornaments on the munions, under the taffarel, at the arch of the cove, and sometimes under the balcony, &c.

BRAKES. The handles or levers by which the pumps are worked. BREAD-ROOM. A place parted off below the lower deck, close abaft, for the reception of the bread. It should always be very completely covered with tin or other metal not so liable to corrode. (See STORE ROOMS.)

BREADTH. A term more particularly applied to some essential dimensions of the extent of a ship or vessel athawrtships, as the BREADTH-EXTREME, and the BREADTH-MOULDED, which are two of the principal dimensions given in the contract for building a ship. The extreme-breadth is the extent of the midships, or dead-flat, with the thickness of the bottom plank included. The breadth-moulded, is the same extent without the thickness of the plank.

BREADTH-LINE. A curved line of the ship lengthwise, intersecting the timbers at their greatest extent from the middle line of the ship. See (Sheer Draught, Plate 1.)

BREADTH-SWEEPS. (See Frames.)

BREAK. The sudden termination or rise in the decks of some merchant ships, when the aft and sometimes the fore part of the deck is kept up to give more height between decks, as likewise at the drifts.

BREASTHOOKS. Large pieces of compass timber, fixed within and athwart the bows of the ship, of which they are the principal security, and through which they are well bolted. There is generally one between each deck, and three or four below the lower deck, fayed upon the plank. Those below are placed square to the shape of the ship at their respective places. The BREAST-HOOKS that receive the ends of the deckplanks are also called DECK-HOOKS, and are fayed close to the timbers in the direction of the decks. (See Inboard Works, Plate IV., and Plans, Plates III. and IV.)

BREAST-RAIL. The upper rail of the balcony, or of the breast-work at the fore part of the quarter deck. (See Sheer Draught and Perpendicular view of the Stern, Plate 1., Inboard Works, Plate IV., and Plan of the Deck, Plate III.)

BREAST-WORK. The stantions, with their rails, at the fore part of the quarter-deck. The breast-work fitted on the upper deck of such ships as have no quarter-deck serves to make a separation from the maindeck. (See Inboard Works, Plate IV., and Plan of the upper Deck, Plate III.)

BREECH. The angular part of knee-timber.

- BRIG or BRIGANTINE. A merchant vessel, having two masts, with the mainsail fore and aft, and not athwartships as in ships. In the Royal Navy, when cutter-built vessels are thus rigged, they are called

CUTTER-BRIGS.

BROKEN-BACKED or HOGGED. The condition of a ship when the sheer has departed from that regular and pleasing curve with which it was originally built. This is often occasioned by the improper situation of the centre of gravity, when so posited as not to counterbalance the effort of the water in sustaining the ship, or by a great strain, or from the weakness of construction. The latter is the most common circumstance, particularly in some French ships, owing partly to their great length, sharpness of floor, or general want of strength in the junction of the component parts. (See HOGGING.)

BUCKLERS. Pieces of elm plank barred close against the inside of the hawse-holes, to a cant below, and under the hook above, to prevent the water from coming in. Those used at sea, denominated BLIND-BUCKLERS, have no aperture; but those used in a harbour, &c. when a ship is at anchor, and called RIDING-BUCKLERS, are made in two pieces, the upper piece rabbeting on the lower piece at the middle of the hawse-hole, and the two pieces, when joining, have a hole in the middle, large enough to admit the cable.

BULGE or BILGE. That part of the ship which she bears on most when not afloat. It may be readily known by drawing a line from the underside of the keel to touch the body. (See BILGE.)

BULGEWAYS. (See BILGEWAYS.)

BULKHEADS. The various partitions which separate one part of a ship from another. Those in the hold are mostly built with rabbetted or cyphered plank, as are those of the magazine, to keep the powder securely from the cargo, ballast, or stowage in the hold. Thus likewise are the fish and bread-room bulkheads. Those upon the decks are mostly to separate the officers from the seamen; as the ward-room bulkhead, which is composed of doors and panels of joiner's work. Thus, also, the cabin and screen bulkheads, in large ships, inclose the cabin from the walk abaft, or balcony: and, forward, the gallery is inclosed by the beak-head bulk-head.

BUM-KIN, or more properly BOOM-KIN. A projecting piece of oak or fir, on each bow of a ship, fayed down upon the false-rail, or upper rail of the head, with its heel cleated against the knight-head in large, and the bow in small ships. It is secured, outwards, by an iron strap, and rod or rope lashing, which confine it downwards to the knee or bow. It is used for the purpose of hauling down the fore-tack of the foresail.

BURTHEN. The weight or measure that any ship will carry or contain when fit for sea. (See TONNAGE.)

BUSHED. Cased with harder metal, as that inserted into the holes of braces or sheaves to prevent their wearing, and consequently, to take off friction.

BUTT. The joints of the planks end wise, also the opening between the ends of the planks when worked for caulking. Where caulking is not used, the butts are sometimes rabbetted, and must fay close. Hence the former are called caulking-butts, and the latter close-butts. (See Planking,

PlateIII., and Plans, Plate III.) BUTT also signifies the root or biggest end of all timbers, plank, &c.

BUTTOCK. That rounding part of the body abaft, bounded by the fashion-pieces; and, at the upper part, by the wing-transom.

BUTTOCK LINES. (On the Sheer Draught). Curves, lengthwise, representing the form of the ship's body cut in vertical section. (See Buttock Lines further explained in the Directions for constructing the SHEER DRAUGHT. See also Sheer Draught, Plate I.)

CABINS. The apartments partitioned off, in several parts of the ship, for the residence of the officers, of which the principal is for the commander. (See Plans, Plate III. and IV.)

CABLE. A rope, more than nine inches in circumference, and generally one hundred fathoms in length, used to retain the ship at anchor. CABLE TIER. The space occupied by the cables on the flop-deck. CALLIPERS. Compasses with circular legs, for taking correctly the diameter or size of the timber. There is a smaller sort for taking the diameter of bolts or any thing cylindrical.

CALVES TONGUE. (See TONGUE.)

CAMBER. Arching upwards. The decks are said to be cambered when their height increases toward the middle from stem and stern, in the direction of the ship's length.

CANT. A term signifying the inclination that any thing has from a square or perpendicular. Hence the shipwrights say,

CANT BODY, meaning that part of a ship's body or timbers which form the shape of the body forward and aft, and whose planes make obtuse angles with the midship line of the ship, those in the fore body inclining to the stem, as those in the after body incline to the stern-post. (See BODIES. See also Sheer Draught, Plate I.)

CANT RIBBANDS, are those ribbands that do not lie in a horizontal or level direction, or square from the middle line, but nearly square from the timbers, as the diagonal ribbands. (See RIBBANDS. See also Sheer Draught, Plate I.)

CANT TIMBERS, are those timbers afore and abaft, whose planes are not square with, or perpendicular to, the middle line of the ship. Yet their planes are square with or perpendicular to the keel. (See CANTTIMBER u upon the Sheer Draught, Plate I.)

CANTING. The act of turning any thing completely over, so that the under surface shall lie upwards. It is otherwise said to be half or quarter canted.

CANTING LIVRE. The same as console bracket. (See BRACKETS.) CAPS. Square pieces of oak, laid upon the upper blocks on which the ship is built, to receive the keel. They should be the most free grained oak, that they may be easily split out when the false keel is to be fixed in its place. The depth of them may be a few inches more than the thickness of the false keel, that it may be set up close to the main keel by slices, &c.

A CAP SCUTTLE A framing composed of coamings and head ledges, raised above the deck, with a top which shuts closely over into a rabbet. (See Inboard Works, Plate I.)

CAPSTAN, The machine formed of a massy column of timber, &c.

and used for heaving up the anchor, or other purposes which require an extraordinary effort. It is composed, as described hereafter, of several pieces, strongly united into one body, called the Barrel, and put in motion by the levers named Capstan Bars, which fit into mortise holes in its head. Ships having a windlass, the capstan generally traverses on an iron spindle. (See Capstan Inboard Works, Plate IV.)

CAPTAIN'S STORE ROOM. (See STORE ROOMS.)

CARLINGS. Pieces of timber, above four inches square, which lie fore and aft, in tiers, from beam to beam, into which their ends are scored. They receive the ends of the ledges for framing the decks. The carlings by the side, and for the support of the masts, which receive the framing round the mast called the partners are much larger than the rest, and are named the MAST CARLINGS. Besides these there are others, as the PUMP CARLINGS, which go next without the MAST CARLINGS, and between which the pumps pass into the well. (See Plans, Plate III. and IV.) Also the Fire-hearth Carling, that lets up under the beams on which the fire-hearth stands, with pillars underneath, and chocks upon it, fayed up to the ledges for support. (See Inboard Works, Plate IV.)

CARPENTER'S STORE ROOM. (See STORE ROOMS.)

CARRICK BITTS. The upright pieces of timber, near the ends of the windlass, in which are the gudgeons for the spindles to work on. (See Windlass, Plate III. and IV.)

CARVEL WORK. A term applied to cutters and boats, signifying that the seams of the bottom planking are square, and to be kept tight by caulking as those of ships. It is opposed to the phrase CLINCHER-BUILT, which see.

TO CAST. To stretch over any thing, as

CAST-KNEES, or those hanging-knees which croak or arch over the corner of a gun-port, rider, &c.

CAT-BEAM. (See BEAM.)
CAT-BLOCK. (See BLOCKS.)

CAT-HEADS. The strong arms of oak, projecting from each side of the ship, at the fore part of the forecastle with sheaves in the outer end, for the purpose of hoisting the anchor. (See Sheer Draught, Plate I.)

CATS-TAIL. The inner part of the cathead, that fays down upon the cat beam, in large ships, and under the forecastle beams of smaller ships. CAVITY. The hollow formed in the water by an immersed body. (See CENTRE OF CAVITY.)

CAULKING. Forcing oakum into the seams, and between the butts of the plank, &c. with iron instruments, in order to prevent the water penetrating into the ship.

CEILING or FOOTWALING. The inside planks of the bottom of the ship.

CENTRE OF CAVITY, or of DISPLACEMENT. The centre of that part of the ship's body which is immersed in the water; and which is also the centre of vertical force that the water exerts to support the vessel.

CENTRE OF GRAVITY. That point about which all the parts of the body do, in any situation, exactly balance each other. Hence, 1. If a body be suspended by this point as the centre of motion, it will remain at rest in any position indifferently, 2. If a body be suspended in any