NOTE. If your answer exceed $100, or £100, the excess is the gain per cent., but if it be less than $100 or £100, that deficiency is the loss per cent.

EXAMPLES.

1. A merchant sold 4cwt. of sugar for $32, and lost 12 per cent., how much per cent. would he have gained or lost, if he had sold the same sugar for $36? Ans. I per cent. loss.

2. A grocer sold brandy at $1,12c. a gallon, and gained 20 per cent., how much per cent. would he have gained if he had sold it at 95c. a gallon? Ans. $1,78,5m. per cent.

3. A merchant sold potash at $125 a tun, and gained 10 per cent., how much per cent. would he have gained if he had sold it at $150 a tun? Ans. 32 per cent.

BARTER.

Q. What is BARTER?

A. Barter teaches merchants and traders to exchange one commodity, or specifick article for another, agreeably to the price or value agreed upon by the parties concerned, so that neither party shall sustain loss.

EXPLANATIONS.

Barter, as was stated on page 168, is merely an application of the Rule of Three Direct, and has this particular name as applicable to the exchange of specifick articles.

RULE.

Q. How do you state and work the terms in the Rule of Barter?

A. First find the value of the commodity, whose quantity is given; then find what quantity of the other, at the proposed rate, can be purchased for the same money, and it will give the answer

EXAMPLES.

1. How much rye, at 70c. a bushel, must be given for 28 bushels of wheat, at $1,25c. a bushel? Ans. 50 bushels of rye.

of lbu. of rye, is $35,00 price of 28bu. wheat. to lbu., so is $35,

the price of 28bu. of wheat, to the answer, or fourth term, which is 50bu. of rye. The principle of this operation is very evident, for it is perfectly plain, that for as many times as there are 70c. contained in $35, so many bushels of rye can be had in exchange for 28 bushels of wheat.

2. How much sugar, at 8c. a pound, must be given for 20cwt. of tobacco, at $7,50c. a cwt.? Ans. 16cwt. 2qr. 27lb.

3. How much tea, at 64c. a pound, must be given for 4481b. of coffee, at 20c. a pound? Ans. 140lb.

4. How much wool, at 30c. a pound, must be given for 125lb. of flax, at 12c. a pound? Ans. 50lb.

5. A merchant had 1286yd. of linen, at 43c. a yard, for which he received 2cwt. 1qr. 13lb. of chocolate, at 14c. a pound, and the balance in money, how much money did he receive? Ans. $515,88c.

6. A had 41cwt. of hops, at $4,50c. a hundred-weight, for which B gave him $28,50c. in money, and the balance in salt, at 80c. a bushel, how many bushels of salt did he receive? Ans. 195bu.

7. How many hogsheads of brandy at 6s. 8d a gallon must be given for 126yd. of cloth, at 10s. a yard? Ans. 3hhd.

8. D has calico worth 20c. a yard, ready money, but in barter he will have 25c.; E has broadcloth worth $2,50 a yard, ready money; at what price should the broadcloth be rated in barter? Ans. $3,12,5m.

9. G had 5 pieces of calico, each piece containing 95yd., at 23c. a yard, for which H gave him 32yd. of broadcloth, at $2,50c. a yard, and the balance in rye flour, at $1,50c. a hundred-weight, how many hundred-weight of flour did G receive? Ans. 19cwt. 2qr.

PRACTICE.

Q. What is PRACTICE?

A. PRACTICE is a contraction of the Rule of Three Direct, when the first term is a unit or one, and is a concise method of resolving most questions that occur in trade or business, where money is reckoned in pounds, shillings, and pence.

EXPLANATIONS.

Practice has its name from its frequent and daily use among merchants and traders. This Rule, which was formerly of great use among merchants and tradesmen, when the price of one was given in pounds, shillings, and pence, or sterling money, is now rendered quite useless, as reckoning in federal money has become very general; and it is much more easy to work by multiplication, when the price of a unit or one is given in federal money. I have, therefore, given but few examples in this rule.

RULE.

Q. How do you find the amount or price of a given quantity of yards, pounds, &c., when the price of one yard or pound is given in shillings?

A. The given number of yards or pounds must be supposed to be so many pounds in money, and aliquot parts of a pound must be taken: thus, if the price be 5s., you must take one fourth; if 10s., take one half; if 15s.. take three fourths, or take one

half and one fourth and add the quotients: if there be of a yard or pound, you must call it 10s., if of a yard, call it 5s.; if 4, call it 15s., in stating or setting down the given sum for operation.

EXAMPLES.

1. What is the value of 980yd. of cloth, at 10s. a yard? Ans. £490.

In this example, you set down the

980yd. as so many pounds in money; and then divide it by 2 or ; for it is perfectly evident, that at 10s. a yard, one half of the num

ber of yards would be the value of the cloth in pounds. I have also worked this example by the Rule of Three Direct, to show you that Practice, as I have before told you, is a contraction of that rule.

2. What is the value of 490b. of tea, at 15s. a pound? Ans. £367 10s.

3. What is the value of 792yd. of cloth, at 5s. a yard? Ans. £198.

4. What is the value of 123bu. of wheat, at 10s. a bushel? Ans. £61 10s.

5. What is the value of 687yd. of cloth, at 5s. 'a yard? Ans. £171 17s. 6d.

RULE.

Q. How do you find the amount or price of a given quantity of yards, pounds, &c., when the price of one yard or pound is given in pence?

A. The given number of yards or pounds must be supposed to be so many shillings, and aliquot parts of a shilling must be taken: thus, if the price be 3d.

a yard or pound, you must take one fourth; if 6d, take one half; if 9d., take three fourths, or take one half and one fourth and add the quotients: if there be of a yard or pound, you must call it 6d. ; if of a yard, call it 3d.; if 2, call it 9d., in stating or setting down the given sum for operation.

EXAMPLES.

1. What is the value of 1276yd. of riband, at 3d. a yard? Ans. £15 19s.

EXPLANATIONS.

In this example, you divide by 4 or 1, as it is evident, that at 3d. a yard, one fourth of the number of yards would be the value of the riband in shillings; and you then divide the amount by 20 to bring it to pounds.

2. What is the value of 7921lb. of sugar, at 9d. a pound? Ans. £29 14s. 4d. 2qr.

3. What is the value 112lb. of rice, at 6d. a pound? `Ans. £2 16s.

4. What is the value of 1728yd, of tape, at 4d. a yard? Ans. £28 16s.

5. What is the value of 912yd. of riband, at 5d. a yard? Ans. £19.

RULE.

Q. How do you find the amount or price of a given quantity of yards, pounds, &c., when the price of one yard or pound is given in farthings?

A. The given number of yards or pounds must be supposed to be so many pence, and aliquot parts of a penny must be taken: thus, if the price be one farthing a yard or pound, you must take one fourth; if two farthings, take one half; if three farthings. take three fourths, or take one half and one fourt