rights of liberty and property guaranteed by the Constitution against deprivation without due process of law is subject to such reasonable restraints as the common good or the general welfare may require, it is not within the functions of government at least in the absence of contract between the parties to compel any person in the course of his business and against his will to accept or retain the personal services of another, or to compel any person, against his will, to perform personal services for another. The right of a person to sell his labor upon such terms as he deems proper is, in its essence, the same as the right of the purchaser to prescribe the conditions upon which he will accept such labor from the person offering to sell it. So the right of the employé to quit the service of the employer, for whatever reason, is the same as the right of the employer, for whatever reason, to dispense with the services of such employé." It was said in Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U. S. 1, at p. 14: "Included in the right of personal liberty and the right of private property - partaking of the nature of each is the right to make contracts for the acquisition of property. Chief among such contracts is that of personal employment, by which labor and other services are exchanged for money or other forms of property. If this right be struck down or arbitrarily interfered with, there is a substantial impairment of liberty in the long established constitutional sense."

In the application of these principles it has been held that the right to liberty and property secured by the Fourteenth Amendment was impaired by a statute which prohibited the discharge of any employee because he was a member of a labor union. Adair v. United States, 208 U. S. 161. That decision recently has been reaffirmed in its application to a statute which made unlawful any requirement not to join or remain a member of a labor union as a condition of securing or continuing in employment. Coppage v. Kansas, 236 U. S. 1. The ground upon which these decisions rest is that the freedom of contract guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the imposition of such restraints upon the right of the employer to decline to employ at all, or to continue to employ, a person whom he does not desire. It there was said that "the employer must be left at liberty to decide for himself whether such membership by his employé is consistent with the satisfactory performance of the duties of the employment." It seems to us impossible to say that the right of an employer to discharge an employee because of information affecting his conduct in respect of efficiency, honesty, capacity, or in any other particular touching his general usefulness, without first providing a hearing stands on a different footing or is less under the shield of the Constitution than the right held to be secured in the Adair and Coppage cases. Our own Constitution contains in several clauses similar guarantees of the right to acquire, possess and protect property, which doubtless have substantially the same meaning in this respect as has the Fourteenth Amendment to the Federal Constitution. It has been held that the right to acquire, possess and protect property secured by our Constitution "includes the right to make reasonable contracts, which shall be under the protection of the law." Commonwealth v. Perry, 155 Mass. 117, 121. In the absence of a contract, conspiracy or other unlawful act, the right of the individual employee to leave the service of a railroad without cause, or for any cause, is absolute. The railroad has the correlative right under like circumstances to discharge an employee for any cause or without cause. It is an unreasonable interference with this liberty of contract to require a statement by the employer of the motive for his action in desiring to discharge an employee, as this statute in substance does, and to require him also as a prerequisite to the exercise of

his right, to enable the employee to make a statement in the presence of some one else, a thing which may be beyond the power of the employer. His freedom of contract would be impaired to an unwarrantable degree by the enactment of the proposed statute. The power of the Legislature to require a hearing in connection with the discharge of one employed under the civil service law rests on the authority of the Commonwealth to direct the conduct of its government and that of its political subdivisions. Opinion of the Justices, 208 Mass. 619.

Legislation similar to that of the proposed bill has been held unconstitutional in other jurisdictions. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fé Railway v. Brown, 80 Kan. 312. Wallace v. Georgia, Carolina & Northern Railway, 94 Ga. 732. These reasons make it imperative to answer the first question in the negative.

Absolute equality before the law and the equal protection of the laws are principles established by the Constitutions of the United States and of this Commonwealth. Opinion of the Justices, 211 Mass. 618. While reasonable classifications may be made by the Legislature in the interests of the public health, public safety and public morals, yet there must be some rational relation between the object to be attained and the classification, in order that it may not violate the constitutional guaranty that all persons, including corporations, shall be equal in the protection afforded by the laws. Many such classifications have been upheld as not contrary to this principle. See, for example, Louisville & Nashville Railroad v. Melton, 218 U. S. 36; Keokee Consolidated Coke Co. v. Taylor, 234 U. S. 224. But the proposed bill has no reference to the safety of the travelling public. It applies only to one kind of common carrier and not to others. It imposes a burden upon railroads from which all other common carriers and employers of labor are free. It singles out employees of railroads and confers upon them immunities and advantages enjoyed by no others who work for individuals and corporations, in a particular which has no relation to the kind of employment engaged in by them. In both respects it tends to destroy equality. It creates of railroad employees a specially privileged class, and subjects railroads, as to a matter having no special relation to their business as distinguished from other kinds of business, to obstacles and burdens from which other employers are free. There is strong ground for the conclusion that the selection of railroads as the sole object of severely criminal legislation as to a matter having no particular relation to the management of railroads, would be arbitrary and hence unwarrantable under the Constitution. Connolly v. Union Sewer Pipe Co., 184 U. S. 540, 560. Gulf, Colorado & Santa Fé Railway v. Ellis, 165 U. S. 150. Opinion of the Justices, 163 Mass. 589. We are of opinion that the second question must be answered in the negative.

It is not necessary to consider whether the proposed bill offends against other provisions of the Constitution. For the reasons already stated, the third question must be answered, No.

MAY 3, 1915.

ARTHUR P. RUGG.

HENRY K. BRALEY.

CHARLES A. DECOURCY.

EDWARD P. PIERCE.

JAMES B. CARROLL.

We subscribe to the answer given above to the second question. The legislation which is the subject of the first question is confined to employees of railroad corporations, is open to the objections set forth in the answer to the second question and is disposed of by them. We do not intend to throw doubt upon the answer to the first question. Upon that matter we express no opinion. But we prefer not to express an opinion on a matter which it is not necessary to consider in answering fully the questions asked.

We subscribe to the answer to the third question.

WILLIAM CALEB LORING.
JOHN C. CROSBY.

IV.

RECOMMENDATIONS CONCERNING LABOR IN THE INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF THE GOVERNOR, 1915.

RELIEF FOR THE UNEMPLOYED.

First of all, I earnestly ask your immediate action to solve as far as a solution is within our power the pressing problem of the unemployed.

By a coincidence which seems to me clearly providential, the legislation of preceding years has made surprisingly simple and easy the task of supplying a very large measure of relief, and that not only without any ultimate burden upon the taxpayers, but with direct and indirect results of great financial, physical and moral advantage to the entire Commonwealth.

By chapter 759 of the Acts of 1913, amended by chapter 596 of the last session, a Board composed of the Boards of Health and Agriculture, acting jointly, has been given authority and a small appropriation to begin the task of reclaiming the large fresh-water swamps and marshes in eastern Massachusetts, which, although in natural fertility and ease of cultivation they far surpass most of the land now under cultivation within the State, are now practically valueless, and cannot, from the nature of the engineering problems involved and the dispersion of ownership, be reclaimed by private enterprise. Surveys and studies of various tracts have been made, and all is now ready for immediate action. Much of these wet lands consists of open meadows, requiring for reclamation suitable machinery but a relatively small amount of unskilled hand labor. There are, however, great wooded swamps where the conditions are reversed; where a large amount of unskilled labor can be employed to advantage in the winter. If you at once within a week if possible- pass an emergency appropriation of not less than $50,000, thereby providing the Board with the means of taking over not less than a thousand acres of such land, establishing workmen's camps, cutting the wood and timber, and preparing it for market, and also authorize the employment, as an emergency measure, of laborers at a moderate monthly wage, with board and lodging, giving preference, if you will, to men with dependent families, several thousand men if need be can be given work for the next few months, with mutual advantage to themselves and the Commonwealth, preserving at the same time their self-respect, avoiding the pauperizing tendencies of gratuitous relief, and lessening the strain upon the finances of our charitable organizations. If, furthermore, later in the session, you follow up this temporary action by sending to the people the homestead-taking amendment passed last year, and by making certain minor changes in the wet lands reclamation act and the rural credits act, which I intend to recommend at an early opportunity, I believe that a much-needed impulse will be given to the "forward to the land" movement, with ultimate benefits to our manufacturing population not easily overestimated.

PRISON REFORM.

Another obvious reform, often suggested and far too long delayed, is the sale of the Charlestown prison and the application of the proceeds to the establishment of a model State prison in some thinly settled region where prison labor could be utilized

in reclamation work, agriculture and other ways more beneficial to the prisoners and profitable for the Commonwealth than any available in the present location. That both the State and the prisoners may reap the full advantage of such applications of their labor it is essential that diligence and efficiency should be recognized by a carefully guarded provision for a small wage, to be applied in part to the support of dependent relatives, in part for temporary aid at discharge, and in small part to provide such minor prison comforts as may properly be allowed in reward of exemplary behavior.

INTERSTATE INDUSTRIAL COMPETITION.

In recent years Massachusetts has been constantly raising the level of conditions under which our working people have been obliged to perform their labor. So far, despite the misgivings of many employers, the steady improvement in the condition. of the working people, compelled by law, has not resulted in any serious loss of business to the Commonwealth. The resulting increased efficiency of the workers has offset the loss in the hours of their labor. But there must come a time when the cost of improved conditions of health and safety and short hours of labor will exceed the increased efficiency which is produced thereby. We have not yet reached that point, but we shall always be approaching it so long as we continue to improve the condition of labor in Massachusetts.

We do not wish to halt our splendid progress in this direction, which is tending to give us a better and healthier citizenship; but we must guard against the danger of raising our level so high that industry will flow off into other States where the standard of labor conditions is much lower. The way to avoid this danger is not by pausing in our legislation to improve the employees' condition, but by making strenuous efforts to induce the other States to raise their standard to the Massachusetts level. We can arouse public opinion in those backward States whose low conditions of labor endanger the interests of the working people of more progressive Commonwealths. We can show the workers of these backward communities that they gain nothing by tolerating such conditions; that if a manufacturing establishment cannot come under proper conditions it ought not to come at all. By the combined effort and agitation of the more progressive States we can without doubt stir the pride and self-interest of those more backward, and by bettering their conditions make it possible to continue our own beneficent labor legislation.

If, however, it is true, as some contend, that the adoption of legislation by Massachusetts to lessen the hours of labor in order to prevent the debilitating effects of fatigue, to prevent accidents by strict insistence upon safety appliances and effective inspection, to prevent poverty, monotony and despair by workmen's compensation and mother's aid, and other advanced social and industrial legislation, - if it is true that all these attempts to ameliorate the condition of our Massachusetts working people may jeopardize their opportunities to work at all in this Commonwealth, by making the cost of doing business here so much higher than in other States where the government is not so careful of its citizens that our Massachusetts industries will be obliged to leave us, we should all the more be impelled to strive with enlightened selfishness to obtain better conditions for the workingmen in other States, that the competition between industries in the different States may be upon more equal conditions. Thus we shall be at once protecting our own workingmen and aiding our fellow citizens in other States of the Union.