DOLLARS AND CENTS $ is the sign for dollars. $5 $8 $2 is the sign for cents. 30 25¢ 75¢ We do not write five dollars and thirty cents, using the signs for both dollars and cents, but the sign for dollars only with a period . called the decimal point. $5.30, $8.25, $2.75. The decimal point is always placed after the number of dollars and before the number of cents. When we add dollars and cents together, we must be very careful to add the units of cents together and the tens of cents together, and the units of dollars and the tens of dollars together. There are never any hundreds of cents to add together, because hundreds of cents are units of dollars. 6. Add $3.52, 51, and $7 together. Write in columns. 7. Add $1, $4.39, and $21.50 together. Write $1.00 for $1. DOLLARS AND CENTS 1. Add $2.50, $1.35, and $2.45; to their sum add 70 ¢. 2. Add $1.20, $3.20, $2.05, and $3. $2.45 1.98 .47 We cannot take from 54 84, but from 4 tens we can take 1 ten f. ten. 158¢ = 7¢. We cannot take 9 tens ¢ from 3 tens ø, but from 20 tens we can take 10 tens f. 13 tens 9 tens 4 tens. $1 — $1 — $ 0. = 8. Mary had three dollars and seventy cents, and spent one dollar and a quarter for a beautiful doll. How much money had she left? 9. Sam had eight dollars, and spent six dollars and forty-five cents for a leather-covered football. How much money had he left? 10. Which is more, a thousand cents or eleven dollars? TELLING HEAT AND COLD In the winter, when the fire goes out, we feel cold. In the summer we are often very warm. Sometimes in. winter the fire is very hot, and our rooms are too warm. It is hot near bonfires or the fire in the blacksmith's shop. It is warmer in the sunshine than in the shade. We call the warmth or coldness of the air, the temperature. 200 150 100% 50°. 212° Water boils .98 Body warmth 70° Pleasant heat 32° Ice melts -0° Zero cold Fahrenheit thermometer. The spaces are called degrees. This means equal parts of space. The sign for degree is o. We have thermometers to tell us how warm or how cold it is. Thermometer is from thermo, heat, and meter, measure. Inside the glass of the thermometer is a liquid heavier than water. This is a metal called quicksilver or mercury. It looks like silver, but it flows quickly. Did you ever see little balls of quicksilver run across a table? This quicksilver needs more room and goes up the tube of the glass, when it is warm, but gets smaller and goes down in the glass when it is cold. If the glass is put in water with broken ice in it, the quicksilver goes to 32°. If we hold the bulb or thick end tight in one hand, the quicksilver goes nearly to 98°. In boiling water the quicksilver marks 212°. Hot weather is when the air is as warm as our bodies, 98°. We like to have the air in our rooms at 70°; but in winter, to make the air pleasant at that temperature or warmth, we must have water vapor in it. That is why we put water on our stoves or in our furnaces, or let steam out of the steampipes into our rooms. Cold air has only a little water vapor in it. When we warm the cold air, it needs more moisture to make it pleasant to breathe. DATES There are always seven days in every week. There are always at least four weeks or twenty-eight days in every month. There are twelve months in every year. A hundred years make one century. We are living in the twentieth century, because it is more than 1900 years since Jesus Christ was born. When we write letters we put three facts at the top, called the date. We tell the year, the month, and the day of the month: sometimes we tell also the day of the week. We may write the date, January 1, 1900, or Tuesday, Jan. 1, 1900. The calendar The names of the months are: January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December. The year has 365 days, except "leap year," which has 366 days. Leap year comes every four years; then February gains another day. Thirty days hath September, Till leap year gives it one day more. Until the year 2400 every year we can divide by 4 will be leap year. We usually call thirty days a month unless we know the exact month in question. |