26. Malvacea. Herbaceous plants, trees, or shrubs. Leaves alternate, stipulate, very often covered with stellate hairs. Flowers generally showy. Calyx with a valvate æstivation. Petals twisted. Stamens indefinite, monadelphous; anthers 1-celled, reniform. Ovary formed by the union of several carpels; styles the same number as the carpels. Fruit either capsular or baccate; albumen in small but variable quantity; embryo curved, with twisted and doubled cotyledons.

USES.-Mucilaginous; as Marsh Mallow and common Mallow. The unripe fruit of Hibiscus esculentus is used as an ingredient in soups. The liber of several affords a tenacious fibre; the hemp-like substance called Sun in India is obtained from Hibiscus cannabinus. Many are beautiful objects. The hairy seeds of Gossypium furnish cotton.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Malva, Lavatera, Hibiscus.

3

Abutilon macropodum. 1. An unexpanded flower. 2. The stamens and styles. 3. A ripe fruit, consisting of many carpels, whose upper extremities are free and radiant. 4. A section of a seed.

27.-Tiliacea. Trees or shrubs, very seldom herbaceous plants. Leaves stipulate, alternate. Flowers often small. Calyx valvate. Petals 4 or 5, usually with a little pit at their base. Stamens distinct; anthers 2-celled. Ovary single, composed of from 4 to 10 carpels; style one; stigmas as many as the carpels. Seeds several; embryo erect in the axis of fleshy albumen, with flat foliaceous cotyledons.

USES.-Mucilaginous plants with tough fibres. The leaves of Corchorus olitorius are eaten as spinach. Corchorus capsularis furnishes a kind of coarse hemp in India. From the inner bark of Tilia Europea Russia mats are made; its flowers, separated from the bracts, are said to be antispasmodic. TYPICAL GENERA.-Tilia, Triumfetta, Grewia.

28.-Dipteraceæ. Trees. Leaves alternate, with involute vernation; stipules deciduous. Calyx 5-lobed, unequal, becoming enlarged, imbricated. Petals contorted. Stamens indefinite, distinct; anthers subulate, opening longitudinally towards the apex. Ovary without a disk, few-celled; ovules in pairs, pendulous; style single. Fruit surrounded by a calyx, having tough, leafy, enlarged, permanent divisions. Seed single, without albumen. Cotyledons crumpled.

USES.-Tropical trees often yielding valuable timber; that called Sal, or Saul, belongs to Shorea robusta. The juice is balsamic; Dryobalanops Camphora yields Sumatra Camphor. Vateria Indica furnishes Copal. Dammer pitch is obtained from species of Shorea.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Shorea, Dipterocarpus, Vateria.

29.-Aurantiacea. Trees or shrubs, almost always smooth and filled with transparent receptacles of oil. Leaves alternate, often compound, always articulated with the petiole. Flowers usually white or green, and fragrant. Calyx urceolate or campanulate, short. Petals 3-5, inserted upon the outside of an hypogynous disk. Stamens inserted upon an hypogynous disk; filaments sometimes combined in one or several parcels. Ovary many-celled; style 1; stigma thickish. Fruit many-celled, filled with pulp. Seeds usually pendulous; raphe and chalaza distinctly marked.

USES.-The Orange, Lemon, Lime, and Citron are species of Citrus, and are well known for the aromatic rind and pulpy flesh of their fruit. The wood is generally hard and durable. The unripe fruit of Ægle marmelos, an Indian tree, is prescribed in diarrhoea and dysentery. The leaves of the order generally are regarded as stomachic and tonic.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Citrus, Triphasia, Limonia.

30.-Ternstromiacea. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate,

without stipules, now and then with pellucid dots. Flowers often large and showy. Sepals 5 or 7, coriaceous, in a broken whorl, deciduous. Petals not equal in number to the sepals. Stamens numerous; monadelphous or polyadelphous. Ovary with several cells; styles filiform. Capsule 2-7-celled; usually with a central column. Seeds large, attached to the axis, very few; albumen none; cotyledons occasionally plaited. USES.-The Tea of Commerce consists of the leaves of Thea viridis and Bohea. Camellia oleifera yields excellent oil. The species of Camellia, common in gardens, are objects of beauty. Leaves of Kielmeyera speciosa are mucilaginous. TYPICAL GENERA.-Camellia, Gordonia, Thea.

Kielmeyera rosea. 1. The pistil. 2. A transverse section of it. 3. A ripe fruit. 4. An embryo.

31.-Hypericacea. Herbaceous plants, shrubs or trees. Leaves opposite, entire, sometimes dotted. Flowers generally yellow. Sepals 4-5, persistent, imbricated, unequal, with glandular dots. Petals 4-5, hypogynous, twisted, oblique, often having black dots. Stamens indefinite, often polyadelphous. Styles several. Fruit a capsule or berry, of many valves and many cells. Seeds minute, indefinite; embryo straight, with no albumen.

USES.-The juice is resinous, purgative, febrifugal or astringent in different species, according as an essential oil or a

yellow juice most abound. The latter, when concrete, resembles gamboge, of which it has the properties. Hypericum Androsæmum and perforatum are old-fashioned vulneraries. In Brazil a species of Hypericum is employed for a gargle in cases of sore throat.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Hypericum, Vismia.

3. A

Hypericum floribundum. 1. An entire flower. 2. A bundle of stamens. pistil with 3 carpels. 4. A seed laid horizontally and cut through, to show the embryo and netted testa. 5. A piece of a leaf with transparent dots.

Trees or shrubs.

Leaves

32.-Clusiacea or Guttifera. without stipules, opposite, coriaceous. Flowers sometimes polygamous. Sepals 2 to 6, persistent. Petals hypogynous, 4 to 10. Stamens numerous, hypogynous. Disk fleshy, occasionally 5-lobed. Ovary 1- or many-celled; ovules solitary, erect, or ascending, or numerous and attached to central placentæ; style very short; stigma peltate or radiate. Seeds frequently nestling in pulp, often with an aril; albumen none.

USES.-Gamboge is the juice of Hebradendron cambogioides. The delicious Malacca fruit called Mangosteen is the produce of Garcinia mangostana. The resinous oil Tacamahaca flows from the root of Calophyllum Calaba. The general properties of the species are acrid and purgative. They are often objects of great beauty on account of their large flowers and handsome thick leaves.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Clusia, Garcinia.

2

Hebradendron cambogioides. 1. A female flower, with the sterile stamens surrounding the pistil. 2. A male flower. 3. An anther, which opens by throwing off a cap, in consequence of transverse dehiscence. 4. A transverse section of the ovary.

33.-Aceracea. Trees. Leaves opposite, without stipules. Flowers small, green, often polygamous. Flowers unsymmetrical. Calyx imbricated. Petals inserted round an hypogynous disk. Stamens inserted upon an hypogynous disk, generally 8. Ovary 2-lobed; style 1. Fruit of 2 parts, which are samaroid; each 1-celled; with one or two seeds; albumen none.

USES.-The saccharine sap of Acer saccharinum yields a kind of sugar in North America. The timber of most species is light, clean, and useful, where strength is not required. TYPICAL GENUS.-Acer.

34.-Esculaceae. Trees or shrubs. Leaves opposite, without stipules, quinate or septenate. Racemes terminal. Flowers large, showy. Flowers unsymmetrical. Calyx campanulate, 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 5, unequal, hypogynous. Stamens 7-8, unequal. Ovary 3-celled; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruit 1-2- or 3-valved. Seeds large, with a broad hilum ; albumen none; embryo curved, germinating under ground.

USES.-Handsome trees or bushes. Seeds filled with starch, which renders them nutritious; but it is said that they are also dangerous.

TYPICAL GENUS.-Esculus.