The program of detached optional subjects for additional study during the four years, with the view of further specialization or of enlarging the student's general education, comprises a list of 85 subjects. The part for specialization offers a great variety of studies which make it possible for the students to go into the deepest details of their chosen branch. Those interested in aeroplanes may take advantage of a series of courses such as: Aerodynamics and mechanics of flying machines; motor airships; flying machines; exercises in construction of flying machines, etc. Those whose predilection is toward railroad engineering may further specialize in this line by taking a number of optional subjects such as: Railroad superstructure; electric interurban lines; city railways, etc. The full number of optional courses for specialization is 57; of general education, 28.

Foreign languages are included in the specialization group. Three foreign languages are offered: French, English, and Russian. There are language courses for beginners and for advanced students.

The group for general education includes mostly physico-mathematical subjects, though it contains also subjects like law, political economy, history of German industry, workmen's accident insurance laws, etc.

The examination of the program shows the following characteristics to be the most distinctive:

1. A great number of subjects, all taught by specialists.-The department of mechanical engineering offers 164 subjects, including the supplementary courses mentioned above. A professor is seldom charged with teaching a large group of subjects; three or four closely connected subjects, or rather divisions of one subject, are considered the limit of one man's capacity. This system presents great advantages, since it leads to the employment of experts in every specialty offered by the engineering science. Many professors of the division of mechanical engineering, as well as those of other divisions, actually are experts or inventors who had gained wide recognition prior to their engagement to teach in the institution. Among the prominent professors in this department may be mentioned Kammerer, Stavenhagen, and Von Parseval, builder of one of the first dirigibles.

2. A great amount of time devoted to study. The average daily time devoted to lectures and practical occupations is 8 hours, from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m., with 2 hours' interval taken usually between 12 and 2 p. m. On Saturdays the institution closes at noon, although in the higher courses practical exercises are occasionally arranged for Saturday afternoon hours. The average weekly number of periods is especially high in the fourth year, when it reaches 70, or even 80, hours, or about 12 hours a day. The additional time is

taken early in the morning, from 7 a. m., or in the evening, until 7 or 8 p. m.

3. The large proportion of time devoted to practical work.—There is a distinct division made in this respect between the first two and the last two years. The relation of practical work to the entire - time of study during the first and the second years is from 38 to 44 per cent, while in the third and fourth years it keeps on the level of 65 per cent, with only a drop to 61 per cent in the second semester of the third year.

The actual proportion of time given to practical occupations is the following:

Percentage of time given to practical exercises.

This relation is further illustrated by diagrams 1 and 2:

1-st sem. 2-nd sem. 1-st sem. 2-nd sem. 1-st sem. 2-nd sem 1-st sem. 2-nd s.

75

70

65

60

55

50

45

40

35

30

25

DIAGRAM 1.-Percentage of time given to practical exercises at Charlottenburg.

DIAGRAM 2.-Curves showing total time and time devoted to practical work at

Charlottenburg.

Most of the practical work is done in the laboratories of the institution, which are numerous and exceptionally well equipped. The school has no arrangement for employment of students in private plants for practice during the school time. The practical work is arranged intermittently with lectures.

The remaining departments are developed with equal completeness as regards detail and grouping. It will suffice to indicate their scope by outlines of the entire course, or that for selected years

First year.-Experimental physics; higher mathematics; descriptive geometry; mechanics; elementary geodesy; geodetic practicum; exercises in surveying; experimental chemistry; constructions in wood and stone; study of machines; elements of political economy.

Second year.-Definite integrals and differential equations; mechanics; graphical statics; plan drawing; geodetic practicum; higher geodesy; general mineralogy; general geology; mechanical technology; theory of examination of materials with practical exercises; building construction in wood and stone; construction of roads; machines; machine construction and motive powers; theory of architectonic form; metallurgy of iron; general theory of political and social economy; introduction to jurisprudence and political science; commercial enterprise.

Third year.-Statics of building construction and exercises; stone and wooden bridges; railway construction; main requirements for railway stations; railway buildings and other constructions for rolling stock, etc.; foundations; practical hydraulics;

floodgates, canal construction, and locks; construction of banks and weirs; iron construction in connection with civil engineering; reinforced concrete and its structural uses; railway engines (locomotives, carriages, and mechanical arrangements); theory of potential; calculus of variations.

Fourth year. The constructive works in railways (including tunneling and the establishment of large railway stations); iron bridges and difficult iron constructions; movable bridges; sea and harbor works; canalization, etc., including agricultural technology; water supply of cities; drainage of cities; electric railways; sketch pertaining to naval architecture; seminar for municipal buildings; examination and testing of water traffic in large cities; theory of functions.

DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE.

LECTURES AND PRACTICAL EXERCISES.1

First year.-Descriptive geometry 2 (I and II); experimental physics (I and II); introduction to experimental chemistry; elementary geodesy; statics of building construction (general); statics of building construction (theory of strains and stresses); theory of building construction; ornament drawing; ancient architecture; ancient art; plastic art and painting in connection with middle-age architecture; plastic art and painting of the early renaissance in Italy; plastic art and painting of the high renaissance in Italy; scientific principles of architecture and art; ornamental modeling; figure modeling; principles of political economy; exercises in architectural sketching in Berlin museum; sketching from middle-age profiles and ornamental parts of all kinds; figure drawing from copy; landscape drawing and painting from examples and from nature in every technique, pencil, pen, color; history of mechanical arts of the Romance peoples; exercises in decorative plastic of the Italian renaissance; history of civilization in the Italian renaissance; history of mechanical arts of the Germanic peoples; development of museums and museum technique.

Fourth year. The program of the fourth year comprises 42 courses, including, however, the duplication of several subjects, which affords the student the advantage of a choice of professors treating the same, or presentations from different points of view. The program includes the following topics which in 1913-14 were in charge of 18 different professors:

Mechanisms (I and II); history of ancient architecture, Egyptian, Oriental, and Grecian; history of Roman architecture and medieval church architecture; scientific principles of building and art, practical exercises; history of architecture, Etruscan, Roman, and modern Persian; history of civilization, Italian renaissance; municipal architecture; colored decorations; designing details of architectural construction and interior decoration; seminar pertaining to municipal buildings; foundation construction for municipal buildings; elements of railway, road, bridge, hydraulic, and machine constructions; landscape sketching and painting from models and from nature, with pencil, pen and ink, brush, etc.; principles of ornamentation; designs for church furniture, utensils, etc.; designing ornamental details; medieval architecture and designs in stone, brick, and wood; Gothic architecture; designing figures according to given elements; brick construction in all styles; most important kinds of public and private constructions and city buildings; architecture of the renaissance; designs of buildings according to instructions; practice in architectural sketching; ancient art; modeling and drawing from nature; designing figures according to given instructions; drawing from life; baroque and rococo (general history of style,

1 Announced for the year 1913-14.

The Roman numerals in parentheses show that the course is given in both terms of the year.

decoration, industrial art); philosophy of architecture; interior designs, rooms, wall decorations, etc.; lighting and heating; rural architecture; adaptations of architecture to landscape.

COURSES IN TECHNICAL CHEMISTRY.

The program of the first year in technical chemistry, it will be noticed, is intended to give the students training in basic elements of mechanics and chemistry, as well as in methods of scientific study and experiment, such as chemical analysis, microscopy, spectral analysis, crystallography, etc. The first year includes also differential and integral calculus and analytical and descriptive geometry, which constitute a mathematical preparation indispensable for higher technical studies in all branches. As a large part of industrial chemistry deals with vegetable matter (chemistry of food products, chemistry of fats and oils, chemistry of dyestuffs, etc.), the program of the first year includes a course in systematic botany, in mycology, and in morphology and physiology of plants.

The second year extends and deepens the training in scientific methods and elements of science to which the first year was primarily devoted. It also is designed to impart to students a fundamental knowledge of organic chemistry and chemical technology.

The third year deals with the industrial and agricultural applications of chemical science. The subject is divided, therefore, into special branches corresponding to these applications, viz, chemistry of food products, photochemistry, electrochemistry, ceramics, etc. At the same time the study of general chemistry is continued; organic chemistry, chemical technology, and history of chemistry receive ample consideration. Exercise in analytical experimentation is continued, but with increasing relation to practical purposes.

The fourth year covers practical occupations in manufacturing processes based on chemical changes. It includes the technology of tar dyes, manufacture of oils and fats, carbohydrogen oils, thermochemistry, technology of sanitation, sugar industry, etc. Practical laboratory work has a prominent place in the course. There is also such instruction in architecture and mechanical engineering as may be useful to a chemist in a responsible position.

The development is indicated by the outline of the courses in technical chemistry for the first and the fourth year, as given below:

First year.—Elements of differential and integral calculus and analytical geometry; elements of mechanics; elements of descriptive geometry; experimental physics; experimental chemistry (metalloids, metals); crystallography and mineralogy; practical work in the inorganic laboratory; mechanical technology; general botany; machines with exercises in machine drawing (I and II); special botany; microscopy; exercises in the physical laboratory (physical measurements).

Fourth year.-Technology of coal-tar products and their uses in dyeing, printing, etc.; practical work in the technico-chemical laboratory; the spectrum and spectral analysis; investigation of sugars; precautions against accidents (industrial hygiene, technical part); physico and electro chemistry with laboratory work; thermochem