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the university students who, during the three or four years which they devote to their degree course, spend their long vacation in works, to which they return as "college apprentices" to complete their training when their whole-time college course is finished.

It is not, however, only in regard to the training of engineers, chemists, and other technologists that the work of the school of technology is coordinated with the industries of the Manchester district. The school of technology is now formally asked to undertake not merely routine tests, but special researches on behalf of firms in this district. Moreover, in some instances the school of technology has cooperated with some local technical or professional society in the conduct of experimental researches extending over a considerable period of time. As an instance of this may be mentioned the experiments on cutting tools originally undertaken by the late Prof. Nicolson in conjunction with the Manchester Association of Engineers and now continued by Mr. Dempster Smith.

A further instance of the growing interest which important firms take in the work of the school of technology is afforded by the fact that when proposals were recently made for the erection of some new internal combustion research laboratories promises were received from local engineering firms to give the school of technology the use of engines worth at least £3,000.

During the past year the laboratories and workshops of the school of technology have been largely occupied with Government work. Indeed, the school of technology through its engineering, chemistry, and textile departments may claim to have rendered important service to the country and its allies on the engineering, chemical, and textile sides of the war, as well as in the supply of antiseptics and anæsthetics.

The high standard of the scientific work of the Manchester school is shown by the Record of Investigations conducted by members of the staff and by advanced students. This publication, which has just reached its eighth volume, covers, it is said—

researches carried out since the year 1900 in all departments of the school, including pure and applied mathematics, mechanical engineering, physics, and electrical engineering, pure and applied chemistry and metallurgy, the science and practice of sanitation and building, textile manufacture, and the photographic and printing industries.

For investigations in all the departments named, the institution is admirably equipped and has the advantage of assistance from leading manufacturers. Extensive increase of the laboratories had been planned before the war, and the work has not been entirely hindered by that event. In particular, attention is called to the

new laboratories for advanced training and research in the subject of coal-tar chemistry in its bearing upon the dye-stuff industry, which have been opened under the charge of Prof. A. G. Green, of the University of Leeds, with the help and advice of Dr. E. Knecht, the professor of chemical technology, thus giving full opportunity, not only for the efficient training of chemists for the growing demands of the organic chemical industries, but for the establishment of a school of research for the chemistry of dyes and allied substances employed in industrial chemistry.

In regard to provision for laboratory research and the industrial applications of the results thus obtained the Manchester technical school ranks with the highest in Europe.

TECHNICAL COLLEGES OF SCOTLAND.

Glasgow and Edinburgh are centers of technical education in which the gradual development up to the highest order of institutions has followed the same course as that noted in the case of English centers. The Royal Technical College, affiliated to the University of Glasgow, and the Heriot-Watt College, coordinated with the University of Edinburgh, represent the highest provision for technical education in Scotland. Both institutions were at first intended to provide instruction in evening classes for clerks and mechanics, and they were eventually linked up with the system of examinations carried on by the science and art department. At present these institutions maintain close relation with the continuation schools and evening classes established by the school boards, and also provide professional courses for engineers, expert chemists, etc., in accordance with university requirements and standards.

THE ROYAL TECHNICAL COLLEGE, GLASGOW.

The Royal Technical College, more commonly known as the Glasgow and West of Scotland Technical College, is the center for the western division of Scotland, comprising nine counties. All the science classes of this division are affiliated with the technical college, to which their students are admitted by the school certificate. This college was founded in 1796 on the bequest given by Prof. John Anderson, to whom reference has previously been made. Its present status is briefly set forth in the following official statement:

In 1913 the technical college was affiliated to the University of Glasgow. Its day work is of university standard. The major part of its evening work is of similar standard, but it also conducts a number of evening trade classes.

Day students must have attained a minimum age of 17 years, or have passed the preliminary examination of the Scottish universities for graduation in science. This examination, or a recognized equivalent, is obligatory on all students who propose to proceed to a degree in applied science, and comprises (1) mathematics, (2) English, and (3) either two languages, or one language and dynamics. Occasional students or students who intend to proceed to the college diploma only are admitted without examination if they satisfy the authorities that they are qualified to enter upon the course of study they propose. Their qualifications must include a knowledge of mathematics at least sufficient to enable them to enter the lowest classes in mathematics.

The diploma of the college is granted in the following subjects, which indicate its main departments: Civil engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, mining, naval architecture, chemistry, metallurgy, building, textile manufacture, dyeing, and sugar manufacture. In chemistry and metallurgy the course is four years of nine months each. In engineering the course is not less than three years of the six winter months. All engineering students are expected to spend the summers in practical work, usually as a part of their formal apprenticeship in engineering, except for one summer in the case of civil engineers and mining engineers, which is given to college work in surveying.

It may be said that, in general, the courses of study are divided in approximately equal proportions between theoretical and practical work, the mornings being given to lectures and the afternoons to the laboratories or to drawing. In the later years of the courses in chemistry and metallurgy more time is given to laboratory work.

Students make their own arrangements with employers with reference to admission to a works, but in the normal conditions of industry they have usually no difficulty in doing this. The variety of the industries in the west of Scotland, the very varied requirements of students, and the characteristics of particular industrial works interfere with any organized scheme.1

The college registered 600 day pupils in 1913, of whom more than half were giving their whole time to college work to which they were admitted on full university standard. The other half of the student body comprised about 150 graduate students who were attending for special courses. All the day students were doing work of university standard with the exception of one little group, viz, that of bakers. The presence of this small body of students illustrates in a striking manner the practical bearings of the institution. It is the result of a movement on the part of the master bakers, who subscribed $20,000 to equip rooms for this particular subject. One of the associates in chemistry, who had also a practical knowledge of bakery, was installed as a lecturer. The students number 10 or 12, nearly all sons of bakers, who are giving their time to this work with the expectation of succeeding their fathers in the business. The "school of bakery and confectionery" promises to remain a distinctive feature of the college, because the bakers of Scotland have made sacrifices in its interests. At present the master bakers of Glasgow subscribe $500 a year for its support and provide all the material used in the school. The course of study, which extends over two years, includes the following subjects: Bakehouse and shop bookkeeping; practical breadmaking; practical confectionery; icing and piping; and laboratory work. This practical work is supplemented by a comprehensive course of lectures dealing exhaustively with the materials and the processes that relate to the baker's art

HERIOT-WATT COLLEGE, EDINBURGH.

The Heriot-Watt College was founded in 1821 under the name of the School of Arts, by the cooperation of a number of prominent men of Edinburgh. Its object, as indicated in the prospectus, was "the better education of the mechanics of Edinburgh in such branches of physical science as are of practical application in their several trades." The name of the school was later changed to the Watt Institution, as the result of agreement with a committee which had raised a fund as a memorial to James Watt; and eventually under the provisions of a scheme obtained from the educational endowments commission, the Watt Institution was combined with

1 Cited from statement by the director, Dr. H. F. Stockdale.

that of George Heriot's hospital and was thenceforth known as the Heriot-Watt College. Although essentially an institution for technical education, it comprises commercial classes and a section for literature, music, and languages. Hence with a high order of technical instruction, leading to a variety of professional callings and trades, provision is made for the practical educational needs of the community. The former purpose alone is here considered.

The technical division of the college grew steadily in strength and effectiveness, and finally was brought into close relations with the University of Edinburgh. The technical instruction is given in day classes, special classes, and evening classes. The scope and standards of the work are indicated by the following statements:

In 1901 an arrangement was made between the University of Edinburgh and the Heriot-Watt College with a view to securing mutual cooperation in the training of engineers; a joint advisory committee, representative of the university and George Heriot's trust, was appointed; and it was arranged that one of the professors of the Heriot-Watt College should also be a member of the examining board for the engineering degree at the university. Under this arrangement an exchange of students took place between the two institutions-diploma students of the Heriot-Watt College receiving part of their training at the university, and degree students of the university receiving part of their instruction at the Heriot-Watt College. At the same time, a course of three years was laid down for the college diploma in engineering, and a course of four years for the diploma in technical chemistry.

The latest arrangement with the University of Edinburgh enables students of the Heriot-Watt College to obtain degrees in the three departments of civil, mechanical, and electrical engineering. The first year's training in all three branches is received entirely within the university. In the second year, when specialization begins, the studies are pursued partly at the university and partly at the college. In the third year, when specialization is carried to its completion, the greater part of the training in electrical and mechanical engineering is given at the Heriot-Watt College, while, as heretofore, the civil engineering students receive their third-year course of training at the university. It is further provided that the classes held in the day college shall be recognized by the University of Edinburgh, so that students can proceed to take degrees in engineering and in chemistry by passing all the necessary university examinations and attending certain additional classes in the university.

The arrangement with the university also enables university students to specialize in the departments of engineering maintained by the Heriot-Watt College; hence students of engineering registered in the Heriot-Watt College or in the University of Edinburgh may

become candidates for both the diploma of the college and the university degree of B. Sc.

All students in the day classes of the Heriot-Watt College are admitted by examination, or proofs of equivalent attainments. Those who enter for a diploma course must pass an examination covering the following subjects:

(a) English and mathematics. These two subjects must be taken by all candidates. (b) Any two selected from the following: Experimental science, French, German, Spanish, Italian, Latin, Greek. The governors may accept a language other than those named, but a candidate must give three months' notice of his wish to be examined in such language.

All the subjects professed by the candidates must be taken at one time, and the examination must be passed as a whole. The preliminary examination will be held twice a year-in April and in September.

Candidates who hold the leaving certificate of Scotch secondary schools, or equivalent proofs of attainment, are excused from this examination.

The subjects of the final examination for the diploma conferred by the college are grouped as follows:

Group I. Mechanical Engineering.-Engineering, higher standard; mathematics, higher standard.

Group II. Electrical Engineering.-Electricity, higher standard; electrical engineering, higher standard; mathematics, higher standard; mechanical engineering,

pass.

Group III. Chemistry.-Pure chemistry, higher standard; one branch of applied chemistry, higher standard, such as gas manufacture; or some department of applied analytical chemistry; or physics, higher standard; or physical chemistry; or electrical engineering, higher standard.

Group IV. Brewing.-Theory and practice of brewing, higher standard; pure and applied mycology and bacteriology, pass; enzymology, pass; chemistry, pass; engineering, pass.

Group V. Brewers' and Distillers' Analysis.-Theory and practice of brewing and distilling, pass; pure and applied mycology and bacteriology, higher standard; enzymology, higher standard; chemistry, higher standard; analytical chemistry and mycology and enzymology, higher standard.

Group VI. Mining Engineering.-Geology and mineralogy (examination held at the end of the second year); coal mining, higher standard; metal mining, higher standard; mine surveying, higher standard.

Two degrees of science in engineering are conferred by the university, viz, bachelor of science in engineering and doctor of science in engineering. The requirements for these degrees are determined by a joint advisory committee on engineering studies consisting of the professors of mathematics, natural philosophy, chemistry, and engineering, and the dean of the faculty of science, together with repre sentatives of the governors of George Heriot's trust.

The facilities for practical training available for the students of engineering and chemistry in Heriot-Watt College include not only the extensive laboratories and workshops of the college itself, but

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