children than is to be found in other parts of the city. Twenty-eight of the children claim some vacation occupation, although in the case of 22 the work was indefinite and irregular. The 6 boys who report regular work earned an average of $24 each for the vacation period.

Less than 1,000 square feet of garden space in the home lot is reported in only four cases. Thirty-two of the children have an average of 2,873 feet per child, and of the other two, one has 4 and the other 17 acres.

TABLE 1.-Vacant lot and back-yard garden space in five districts.

TABLE 2-Occupation of elementary school children in vacation and after

TABLE 3.-Available home garden space reported by the elementary school

The Garfield School.-All of the pupils of the seventh and eighth grades of the city are enrolled in the Garfield School. Coming from all parts of the city, the reports on garden space by these pupils serve as a cross check on those received from the elementary schools. When school opened in September, 590 pupils were enrolled. Information in regard to the out-of-school activities and home-garden space was furnished by 271 boys and 245 girls. One hundred and twenty-six boys worked during the summer vacation selling papers, in stores, and similar occupations; 61 were employed after school hours or on Saturday: and 36 helped at home with the care of a garden or chickens. The average income from the boys having regular occupations was $36.85. Only 4 of the girls were employed outside of the home, and 11 helped with the home gardens.

A survey of the occupations before and after school of the pupils of this school was made by the principal a short time ago, which gave results as follows: Of 297 boys, 34 worked before school, 142 had home duties; after school, 69 worked and 147 had home duties; of 257 girls, none worked before school, 111 had home duties, and 36 had special lessons: after school, 4 worked, 172 had home duties, and 111 had special lessons or worked on school subjects. A special record was also made of the desire of the parents and children in regard to the home work of the pupils, as follows: Of the parents, 163 favored having the children employed, 128 opposed, and 164 were indifferent; of the children, 309 favored having employment, 133 opposed, and 112 were indifferent.

Reports on home-garden space were made by all of the children, as follows: 45, little or no space; 206, an average of 400 square feet; and 265 more than 1,000 square feet.

THE HIGH SCHOOL.

No attempt was made to make a complete study of the gardening activities and summer occupations of high-school students. Questionnaires were distributed to the freshman botany class and to those who took botany last year. Sixty-two blanks were returned by the members of the present class, but the number received from the previous class was too small on which to base conclusions in regard to the number of gardens cultivated as a result of the sale of seeds and class instruction. Of the 62 reports that were tabulated, 5 students owned gardens, 10 helped with family gardens, and a total of 36 families had a vegetable garden. Sixteen pupils had regular vacation work from which money was earned; 7, part-time work; and 38 claimed some regular home duties. Three of the students had little or no space for a home garden, 38 had less than 1,000 square feet, and 21 had over 1,000 square feet. The average space that could be gardened by each pupil was 1,825 square feet.

About 70 students from farm homes near the city are enrolled in the Richmond High School each year. In the course of study of the school no provision has been made for the teaching of subjects that have a special bearing on country life.

COUNTRY SCHOOL CHILDREN.

In order to make a comparison of the out-of-school duties of city and country children, a half day was spent with the county superintendent of schools, visiting schools in the country districts. The early closing of the schools of the country prevented making this part of the study as extensive as was desired. Two schools were visited, one a typical two-room country school building to which all the children came from farm homes; the other, an eight-room village school. The same questions used in the Richmond schools were asked, and answers recorded from 112 pupils. Of these, 103 had definite home duties for which they were responsible each day; 16 had their own farm projects of which they kept record and had any profit which might be made; and 3 worked outside the home to

earn money.

JUVENILE COURT RECORDS AND TRUANCY.

A careful study was made of the juvenile court records since September, 1907. In the 202 cases recorded 185 children were brought from Richmond, 6 from Cambridge City, 4 from Hagerstown, 3 from Greens Fork, 2 from Fountain City, 1 from Boston, and 1 from Wayne Township. In 45 of the cases the children were from babyhood to 6 years of age; 24 were between the ages of 7 and 9, inclusive; 113 between 10 and 14; and 29 were 16 years of age or over. Of the cases that were between birth and the ninth year the cause of appearance in court rested largely with the parents; between 10 and 14 mischief was the principal complaint; and in the case of the older children mischief and sex immorality were the leading causes. Complete records of truancy were obtainable only for the 1914-15 school year. The office of truant officer for the city was separated from the county during the present school year, and records were not yet compiled. The distribution of the truancy cases for 1914-15 was as follows: Richmond, 461; Cambridge City, Hagerstown, Fountain City, and Boston, 6; and from farms, 5.

LEAVING SCHOOL TO WORK.

By the records of working permits and employers' reports there were 79 boys and 69 girls under 17 years of age employed in Richmond on March 1, 1916. Eleven of these children left school while

In the latter school all children not living on farms were excluded.

in the fifth grade; 40 in the sixth, 38 in the seventh, 37 in the eighth, 10 in the first year of the high school, and 3 in the second highschool year. The following reasons were given for leaving school: 76, economic necessity; 34 wanted to work; 13 did not like school; and 23 for varying reasons. The fact that 29 of the children left school before the age at which they could be employed under the State law seems to indicate that they gave up their studies because the school subjects had ceased to be of interest or that they had failed to receive promotion. The majority of those holding working permits attended Indiana schools, 57 were born in Richmond, 48 in other parts of the State, 38 in other States, and 3 are of foreign birth. One hundred and thirteen of the children attended the Richmond public schools; 20 Richmond parochial schools; and 13 came to the city from schools elsewhere.

Industrial conditions and charity.-During the past three years several of the larger manufacturers of the city have either moved to other places or discontinued business. The resulting shortage of work has caused financial stress in a large number of families. The Central Bureau of Charities was called to aid 784 family units last year-about double that receiving help in normal times. Some of those who were out of work moved to other cities, and a few secured places as farm laborers or became tenant farmers.

During the years 1893-1897, when there was a shortage of work all over the country, a large number of Richmond people were unable to find work, and to provide the necessities of life obtained work on farms. Young men who had come to the city from farm homes returned, and others became farm laborers and tenants. The return of prosperity and resumption of business brought only a small part of these people back to the city, and many are now prosperous farmers of Wayne County.

CITY BEAUTY AND CIVIC PRIDE.

There are many expensive homes in the city of Richmond, but, with few exceptions, they lack completeness because of the absence of vines and shrubbery. A large number of homes were examined to determine what had been done in the way of planting perennials to decorate the houses; about 10 per cent of the houses were well planted; 40 per cent had a few shrubs and vines; and 60 per cent had no planting. When the trees are in leaf this defect is somewhat covered by the many street shade trees and by well-kept lawns. The prevailing type of architecture (Pl. 1, fig. A) particularly needs additional adornment. The most common shrubs now used in the landscaping of the homes are lilacs, syringas, and spireas, but show lack of intelligent care, and have been allowed to grow to tall, ungraceful bushes with small tufts of green at the tops. The advantage coming