4. What cost the cornice of a room 24 x 16 ft.; the room having two chimneys, breasts 1 ft. thick, and forming 4 extra mitres and four "returns;" the width of the cornice as measured by the line following all the indentations being 16 inches; at 121 per foot? Ans. $16.

5. What cost the plastering of a house of 8 rooms, 4 of which are 18 x 15 ft. and 8 ft. high; 4 are 14 × 15 ft. and 9 in height, and a hall 30 x 8 ft. and 9 ft., allowance being made for 16 doors, 7 × 3, and 18 windows 61 × 3, at 15 per sq. yd.? Ans. $116.24.

251. Carpenters' and Joiners' Work.

This work is done by the lineal or square foot, or by the square of 100 sq. ft.

Framing the larger timbers used in building, such as sills, posts, and vertical timbers, principal rafters, &c., framing hips and valleys, chamfering posts and girders, raising plates, bond timbers, bridging joists, making mouldings, architraves, &c., are counted by the lineal foot.

Planing posts and girders, making window-shutters, doors, wainscoting, pews, shelving (sometimes lineal), ceilings, lattice-work, cornice, &c., are reckoned by the square foot.

Framing joists, small rafters, studding, putting on weather-boarding, shingling, sheathing, laying floors, making partitions, board fences, &c., are charged for by the square.

NOTE 1.-In measuring weather-boarding, deduct all openings over 4 ft. wide.

2. Window-sashes are estimated by the light.

PROBLEMS.

1. At $5 a square, what will it cost to shingle a roof 45 ft. long, each of its two slopes being 20 ft. broad?

Ans. $90.

2. At 50% a sq. yd., what costs a wainscot 2 ft. high and 54 feet in length? Ans. $7.50.

3. What will a floor 33 ft. long and 17 ft. broad cost, at $3.50 a square? Ans. $19.64. 4. What cost the framing of 4 sills, 6 x 8 in. and 20 ft. long, @ 8 per lineal foot? Ans. $6.40. 5. What cost the making of 8 doors, 8 x 3 ft., 11⁄2 in. thick, 6 panels, at 16 per sq. ft.? 6. What cost the making of 20 shutters each 18 in. by 6 ft., at 15 per superficial foot?

Ans. $

Ans. $27.

7. What will be the cost of a gravel roof 20 × 30 ft., at $5.50 per square?

Ans. $

8. What costs the same roof of shingles @ $9.70. Of slate @$11. Of tin at $16 per square? Ans. to last, $96.

9. A square of slate roofing weighs 600 lb. What will be the weight of slate on the roof in the last problem?

252. Painters' Work.

Ans. 3600 lbs.

Priming and glazing are done by the light.

• Painting is done either by the lineal foot, or square yard, and is estimated as any other surface measure, by the product of the length and breadth. The principal thing is to know how to obtain these two dimensions; and for this purpose we give the following

Directions for Measuring.

In weather-boarding, measure not only the width of the board, but also the width of the exposed edge. For beaded partition boards, add to the width of the boards inch for each bead. These measurements multiplied by the length of the boards give the area painted.

For paling fences, measure the height, and to this add the width of each rail, to obtain one dimension, breadth. The other dimension,

length, is found by adding to the length of the fence, twice the width of each post, if rectangular, or one-half the girth, if cylindrical. [The measure of width of rails and posts is made at right angles with the fence.]

To measure panel doors, shutters, &c., &c., find the length and breadth by pressing the measuring line into all the quirks and mouldings. For all weather-boarding and wall painting, take out half the openings.

For shingle or board roofs, measure the butts or edges; trellis or lattice work to be measured double, and Venetian shutters add one-half.

To measure pilasters, commence at the wall and measure round to the bead at the end of the jamb casing, pressing the line into all the quirks. This gives one dimension; the other is, of course, the length. Plain rosettes, in pilasters, add 1 foot to the length; carved rosettes, in pilasters, add 2 feet to the length.

Window jambs, cornice, &c., &c., are measured substantially in the same way, the object being to obtain the surface painted, whether it be plain or ornamental.

PROBLEMS.

1. What will the glazing cost in a house containing 17 windows of 6 lights each, at 25 a light?

2. What will it cost to paint both sides of a paling fence. 18 rd. long, and 5 feet high, the posts 4 × 4 in. and 2 to the rod, and rails 2 × 4 in. at 21 per sq. yd.? Ans. $85.06+.

3. What cost the painting of 4 ft. high wainscoting of 6 in. wide beaded boards, of a room 15 × 17 ft., at 20 per sq. yd.? Ans. $6.16+.

253. Paviors' Work.

PROBLEMS.

1. What will be the cost of flagging a walk 100 ft. long

by 9 ft. wide, at 277 per sq. ft.?

Ans. $243.

2. At $6 per square, what will it cost to pave a yard 150 ft. long and 100 ft. broad?

Ans. $900.

3. What will it cost to pave a street 30 ft. wide and 1560 ft. long, with Nicholson pavement, @ $.30 per sq. ft.? Ans. $

4. What cost the paving of an avenue 100 ft. wide and 3150 long with the Miller pavement at 44¢ per sq. yd. ? Ans. $15400.

CUBIC MEASURE.

254. Excavations and Embankments. Excavations and Embankments of all kinds are reckoned by the cubic yard.

NOTE.-Trenches for foundations are counted double.

EXAMPLE.-How many yards of excavation in a cellar 40 ft. by 25 ft. and 4 ft. deep?

SOLUTION. Since the solid contents of a rectangular body are found by multiplying together its three dimensions (length, breadth, and thickness), we multiply 40 by 25, and this product by 4, obtaining as a result 4500 cu. ft. Dividing this by 27, the number of cu. ft. in 1 cu. yd., we have 166, the number of cu. yd. of excavation.

PROBLEMS.

1. What cost the excavation of a trench for a foundation for a stone fence 500 ft. long, 2 ft. wide, and 14 ft. deep, at 27 per cu. yd.? (See Note.) Ans. $30.

2. How many loads of 1 cu. yd. each will be required to fill a street 150 ft. long, 50 ft. wide, and 2 ft. deep; and how much will the whole cost, at 18 per cu. yd.?

Ans. 6944 yds.; $125.

3. A railroad company excavated a tunnel 1500 feet long, with a cross-section of 450 square feet. How many yards of earth were removed? Ans. 25000 cu. yd.

4. What costs the excavation for a cellar 5 ft. deep, for a dwelling house, the main building being 40 × 30 ft., and the L 18 x 14 ft., at 50 per cu. yd. ? Ans. $134.44.

5. What costs the excavation for a cellar under the main building of same dwelling-house, and an excavation 1 ft. deep and 14 ft. wide for the walls of the L (one of the short sides being attached to the main building), at 50% per cu. yd.? Ans. $115.03.

MASONRY.

255. Stone Work.

Stone Work is done by the perch of 24 cu. ft.

DIRECTIONS FOR MEASURING.

Rough Stone.

1. Measure the outside girt of a wall. This measures the corners twice; but as a corner is more difficult to build, this is a method of allowing for the extra work.

2. Add 9 in. in chimney breasts, pillars, &c., for each dressed and plumbed corner.

3. Count openings less than 3 ft. wide as built up.

Cut Stone.

1. In cut stone the measuring line follows the chisel, and the work is measured on the surface by the square foot.

2. Belt courses less than 1 ft. wide are measured by the linear foot. 3. Moulded and chamfered work and the whole face of the rise in moulded steps, is measured twice.

4. Circular moulded hoods, pediments, and lintels are measured twice.

EXAMPLE.-What is the cost of a foundation 36 x 20 ft., 4 ft. deep, and 14 ft. thick, built of rubble work with 11 in. belt course of cut stone, at $3.63 per perch for the rubble, and 25 per foot lineal, for the belt course?