45. How many years is it since the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492?

46. Find the difference between eight thousand seventeen, and seven thousand eighteen.

47. An army numbered before a battle thirty thousand five hundred ten men; after battle twenty-six thousand seven hundred nineteen. What was the loss?

Find the difference

48. Between 85374 and 5805. 49. Between 4709 and 63489.

50. Between 75310 and 864.

51. Between 9811 and 98021.
52. Between 5678901 and 991112.
53. Between 82223 and 1359012.
54. Between 26590123 and 733334.
55. Between 6444445 and 924901123.

56. 4159012345-86665554 = ?

57. 65490123456-566666667 = ?

Ans. 3791 men.

58. The difference of two numbers is 753, and the greater

is 1031.

What is the less?

Ans. 278.

59. What number added to 2056 makes 18000?

60. What number taken from 67890 leaves 66667 ?

61. The thermometer stood at 19 degrees above zero in the morning, and 45 degrees above zero in the afternoon. How many degrees did it rise?

62. A farmer raised 1220 bushels of wheat, and 700 bushels He sold 875 bushels of wheat, and 225 bushels of How many bushels of each had he left?

of corn.

corn.

Ans. 345 of wheat; 475, corn.

SECTION V.

MULTIPLICATION I

80. Multiplication is the process of repeating one number as many times as there are ones in another.

Or, it is a short process of adding equal numbers.

The Terms are Product and Factors.

81. The Product is the result obtained by Multiplication.

82. The Factors are the numbers used to obtain the Product.

The factors are Multiplicand and Multiplier.

83. The Multiplicand is that factor which is to be repeated.

84. The Multiplier is that factor which shows how many times the Multiplicand is to be repeated.

When it is said, 2 times 3 are 6, 6 is the Product and 2 and 3 are the Factors, of which 2 is the Multiplier and 3 the Multiplicand.

85. The Sign of Multiplication is an oblique cross (x), and when placed between two or more numbers signifies that they are to be multiplied together. Thus, 2 × 3 means that 2 and 3 are to be multiplied together, and is read "2 times 3."

86. MULTIPLICATION TABLE.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3

+Oral Exercises

EXAMPLE.-What will 4 apples cost at 3 cents each?

SOLUTION.-Since 4 times 3 cents are 12 cents, 4 apples at 3 cents

each will cost 12 cents. Or,

4 times 3 cents are 12 cents.

will cost 12 cents. Or,

Therefore, 4 apples at 3 cents each

4 apples at 3 cents each will cost 12 cents, because 4 times 3 cents are 12 cents. Or,

If 1 apple cost 3 cents, 4 apples will cost 4 times 3 cents or 12 cents. Therefore, 4 apples at 3 cents each will cost 12 cents.

What cost

PROBLEMS.

1. 9 pencils at 6 cents each?
2. 7 chairs at 8 dollars each ?
3. 5 hats at 4 dollars each?
4. 3 lemons at 5 cents each?
5. 4 tons of coal at $9 a ton?
6. 8 barrels of flour at $8 a barrel?
7. 6 yards of cloth at $7 a yard?
8. 6 vests at 5 dollars each ?

9. 9 books at 3 dollars each? 10.7 pairs of shoes at $4 a pair?

How many are

11. 9 x 4 cents? 4×9? 12.7 x 5 dollars? 5 × 7? 13. 5 x 9 dollars? 9 × 5? 14. 3 x 8 cents? 8×3? 15. 4 x 8 dollars? 8×4? 16. 8 x 9 dollars? 9×8? 17. 6 x 8 cents? 8 × 6? 18. 6 x 3 dollars? 3 × 6? 19. 9 x 7 dollars? 7 × 9? 20.7 x 3 dollars? 3 × 7?

21. If 8 pounds of beef will last a family one week, how many pounds will last them 5 weeks? 2 weeks? 7 weeks?

EXAMPLE.-How many are 4 chairs × 3 dollars?

We cannot multiply 3 dollars by 4 chairs. For the product would neither be 12 chairs, nor 12 dollars.

We can multiply 3 dollars by 4. ($3+$3+$3+$3), or 12 dollars. Hence,

For 4 times 3 dollars are