3 dollars each per week, for one 2 dollars, for another 5 how much did he receive per week? 16. A young lady bought 2 dresses; for one she paid 7 dollars, for the other, 13 dollars; how much more did the last cost than the first, and how much did she pay for both? = It shows Signs. A cross is the sign of addition. that the numbers between which it is placed are to be added. Two parallel horizontal lines signify equality. Thus 3+4=7 is read, 3 added to 4, or 3 plus 4 (plus is a Latin word, which signifies more) is equal to 7. A short horizontal line signifies subtraction. Thus 7-4-3 is read 7 minus, (minus is a Latin word, which signifies less) 4 is equal to 3. 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Explanation of the foregoing table for addition.-Look for the number to be added, on the left hand, and, following the horizontal line towards the right, the amount will be found on this line directly under the number to which it is to be added. If it be required to add 6 to 8, look for 6 on the left, and, following the line upon which 6 stands, directly under 8 will be found 14, the amount required. The same table may be used for subtraction. Look for the number to be subtracted, on the left hand, and follow QUESTIONS. 1. What is the sign of Addition? 2. Sign of equality? 3. Sign of Subtraction? 4. What does plus signify? 5. What does minus? the horizontal line, until you find the number from which it is to be subtracted, and directly over this number, at the top of the line, will be found the difference between the numbers. ADDITION. SIMPLE ADDITION is the putting together of two or more numbers of the same name or kind, to find the amount. NOTE. It is called Simple Addition, because the numbers are all of one denomination; that is, all dollars, or all cents. When the numbers are pounds, shillings, pence, &c., the denominations are different. If one man owe me 25 dollars, another 22, to find the amount of what both owe, I write the sums in the following manner, units under units, tens under tens, and add them together, thus: 25 22 47 amount. Beginning at the right hand, or units place, I say 2 and 5 are 7; then, in the second place, or place of tens, I say 2 and 2 are 4-which is four tens, or 40. 2. A man has three fields; one contains 31 acres, another 25, another 42; how many acres are there in all? Operation. 31 25 42 Having written the numbers according to the directions, units under units, tens under tens, &c., we begin at the right hand to add, and find the amount to be 8 units, which we place under the column of units. The amount of the second column, or column of tens, we find to be 9 tens, or 90. The answer, then, is 9 tens and 8 units, or 98. Ans. 198 3. What will a carriage, horse and harness cost, if the carriage cost 102 dollars, the horse 80 dollars, and the harness 16 dollars? Ans. 198. 4. If a waggon cost 78 dollars, and a yoke of oxen 96 dollars, what will be the cost of both? In the preceding examples, the numbers when added QUESTION. 1. What is Addition? have been less than 10, and one figure to express them. of course have required but In the last column, it will be seen that the numbers in the unit column, when added, amount to more than 10, and in the column of tens the amount is more than 10—that is, ten tens. Illustration. 78 96 14 16 Placing the numbers as before directed, and adding the right hand column, we find it amounts to 14 units, or 1 ten and 4 units. The next column amounts to 16 tens, or 100 and 6 tens, which, when added, make 4 units, 7 tens, and 100; or 174-the answer. This mode of writing numbers in large sums would be long and tedious; it is, therefore, better to carry on a part of the operation in the mind, thus: Ans. 174 78 96 174 Six and eight are fourteen; we place the 4, or excess of ten, in the unit column, and add the 1 ten to the column of tens. The column of tens added together with the ten from the unit column, makes 17 tens. The answer, then, is 17 tens and four units, or 174. From the above, it is evident, that one in the column of tens is equal to ten in the column of units, and one in the column of hundreds is equal to ten in the column of tens. RULE. Add each column, beginning at the right hand, and set down the amount directly under the column, if it be less than 10; but if it be 10 or more, set down the right hand figure and add the left to the next column, and there set down the whole amount. This is the same as carrying one for every ten. Proof. Perform the addition downwards, or, cut off the top line, and find the amount of the remainder; add this amount to the top line, and if this last amount correspond with the sum total, the work is supposed to be right. EXAMPLES. 1. If a man pay 1496 dollars for a house, 734 dollars for a lot of land, 300 dollars for rail-road stock, and 145 QUESTIONS. 2. What is the rule for Simple Addition? 3. How is Addition proved? dollars for a share in a bridge, how much does he expend in the whole ? Ans. 2675 dollars. 2. A man sold plank to the amount of 834 dollars; boards to the amount of 376; shingles to the amount of 400; timber 621; two masts, one for 30 and the other for 50 dolls.: what was the amount of the whole? Answer, 2311 dollars. 3. A merchant on settling his accounts finds himself in debt to A. $100; B. 60; to D. 78; to C. 80; to E. 447; how much does he owe in all? Ans. 765 dolls. 4. From the creation of the world to the christian era was 4004 years; from that time to the declaration of American Independence was 1776, and 61 years since that period. How many years since the Creation? 1 2 6 7 3 1 6 2 3 8 1 7 6 1 3 4 8 4 7 5 38 80481 905 46 4 35497 2 4 3 0 7 7 Answer, 5841 years. 68974 3 27 18 11 18 6 5 3 1 27 5734869256 8160000082 54 12 1783 EXERCISES. 1. A man by his will left his two sons 1450 dolls. each; his four daughters 1200 each; to his wife 1500, to various charitable objects 1834, what was the value of his estate? Answer, 11034 dollars. 2. If 1889 figures cover one side of a slate, how many will it take to cover both sides of 4 slates? Ans. 15112. 3. Bonaparte was born in the year 1769, lived 52 years, In what year did he die? Ans. 1821. 4. General Jackson took the Presidential chair in 1829, occupied it 8 years. In what year did his course termiminate. Answer, 1837. 5. George Washington was born in the year 1732. He lived 67 years. In what year did he die? Ans. 1799, 6. The distance from New-York to Rahway, N. J. is 20 miles, from Rahway to New-Brunswick 12 miles, from N. B. to Princeton 18 miles, from Princeton to Trenton 12 miles, from Trenton to Bristol 10 miles, from Bristol to Philadelphia 20 miles. What is the distance from NewYork to Philadelphia. Answer, 92 miles. 7. Lafayette was born in the year 1757. He died at the age of 78. In what year did he die? Ans. 1835. 8. A man sold five oxen, each weighing 864 pounds, how much did they all weigh? Ans. 4320. 9. How many times does a common clock strike in 24 hours? Ans. 156. 10. A gentleman left his two sons each 1480 dollars, his only daughter 1500 dollars, and his wife 200 more than all his children; what was the wife's portion, and what was the value of the whole estate? 11. There are two numbers, the less is 1768, their difference is 961, what is the larger number? Ans. 2729. 12. From Boston to Providence it is 40 miles; from Providence to New-York 198 miles; from New-York to Philadelphia 92 miles; from Philadelphia to Wilmington 28 miles; from Wilmington to Baltimore 72 miles; from Baltimore to Richmond 110 miles; from Richmond to Raleigh 155 miles; from Raleigh to Charleston 256 miles ; from Charleston to Savannah 113 miles; from Savannah to New-Orleans 713 miles; how many miles from Boston to New-Orleans, passing through the above places? Answer, 1777 miles. 13. A man bought five firkins of butter, one firkin contained 150 pounds, another 60, another 75, another 98, another 125. How much did they all contain? Ans. 508. 14. There were five churches erected, one in which cost 16,500 dollars, two in dollars each, one in in, which cost 12,640 dollars. expense of the whole? , which cost 18,350 which cost 19,386 dollars, and one How much was the Ans. 85,226 dollars. are long, the following Begin to add with the When the columns to be added method will be found convenient. QUESTION. When the columns to be added are long, how may you proceed? |