ESSAY II.

PELASGIC WALLS.

449

first catch sight of them, on the Greek side of the Adriatic, in Acarnania.“ After this they appear in Boeotia, where they assist the Boeotian Thracians against the Cadmeans." Next we learn that they obtained settlements in Attica at the foot of Mount Hymettus, and assisted the Athenians to fortify their acropolis; but after awhile were compelled once more to emigrate," and went some to the Hellespont,' some to Lemnos, and some possibly to Mount Athos. In these places they continued to the time of our author, and bore the name of Tyrrhenian Pelasgi, to distinguish them from other branches of the same stock.

10. The skill of the Pelasgi in fortification was justly celebrated. The Pelasgic wall of Athens has been mentioned above. It was no solitary specimen, but one of a vast number of works which everywhere through Greece and Italy attested the presence of this people. These structures, the peculiar characteristic of which is that they are made of polygonal blocks fitted together without cement or mortar, are found in great abundance on the western coast of Asia Minor, in Epirus, the Peloponnese, and Italy. They are sometimes called Cyclopean, a name which marks well their grandeur and antiquity, but which throws no light upon their real origin. It would seem that the unwarlike character of the Pelasgians led them, from the first, to trust to walls for their defence against the enemies who assailed them on all sides. Hence the numerous Larissas or strongholds by which their movements can be tracked,' defences which from the vast size of the separate blocks have defied the hand of time, and bid fair to outlast all the structures of later ages.

11. If it be asked what became of a people so numerous, and in ancient times so widely spread, the answer is that they were for the most part absorbed by races more or less nearly akin to them. In Greece Proper, the Hellenes, a daughter race, if we are to believe Herodotus," swallowed them up, impressing upon them everywhere their own higher development and more advanced type of character. In Asia Minor they became mingled with the Carians, the Lydians, and the Phrygians; while in Italy they were either reduced to the condition of serfs, as the

inhabitants, we may imagine that after the conquest they became marauders, like the Normans in later times.

Of these Stephen enumerates twelve (ad voc. Aápiroa), and Strabo (ix. p. 638) an equal number. Mr. Clinton has collected notices of sixteen (F. H. vol. i. pp. 25-6, note).

2 Herod. i. 58. I have already considered the question of the relation of the Hellenes to the Pelasgi in the essays appended to vol. i. (Essay xi. p. 541.) To the authorities there quoted on the subject of their near connexion, may be added Dionysius of Halicarnassus, who regards the Pelasgians as included in the Hellenes (Ant. Rom. i. 9 ; ἐπεὶ δὲ Πελασγοί τε καὶ τῶν ἄλλων Ἑλλήνων τινὲς ἀναμιχθέντες, K.T.A.); and Strabo, who makes the Pelasgian occupants of Agylla speak Greek (v. p. 312).

VOL. III.-29

450

ABSORPTION OF THE PELASGI.

APP. BOOK. VI.

Enotrians and (probably) the Tyrrhenians, or united with their conquerors to form a new people, as the Latins. Their whole character was plastic and yielding, not firm nor formative; and their fate was to furnish a substratum upon which stronger nationalities established and developed themselves.

3 Steph. Byz. ad voc. Xios.

For the theory of Niebuhr as to the Etruscan nation appears to me preferable to that of Dr. Donaldson.

NOTE A.

DERIVATION OF NAMES.

451.

NOTE A.

ON THE DERIVATION AND MEANING OF THE PROPER NAMES OF THE MEDES AND PERSIANS.

[NOTE. The published sources of the subjoined analysis are Sir H. Rawlinson's Vocabulary of the ancient Persian Language, contained in the Eleventh Volume (Part I.) of the Asiatic Society's Journal; M. Oppert's contributions to the Journal Asiatique; Pott's Etymologische Forschungen; Brockhaus's Glossary at the end of his edition of the Vendidad Sade; and Benfey's Glossary in his Keilinschriften. These sources are indicated in the following way, viz.: Benfey's Glossary by the letter B.; Brockhaus's by Br.; Oppert's Mémoires by O.; Pott's Forschungen by P.; and Sir H. Rawlinson's Vocabulary by R. Voc. Additional communications from Sir Henry Rawlinson are marked H. C. R.: where there are no initials affixed, the conjecture is made by the Editor. When no authority is cited for the name, it occurs in Herodotus.]

ACHEMENES (Old Pers. Hakhámanish) is either from Old Pers. hakhá (Sans. sakha), "a friend," and an attributive affix, equivalent to the Zend and Sanscrit mat, "with," or " possessing," which makes the nominative in man (H. C. R. vide supra, vol. i. p. 203, note "); or else, from hakhá, and a root like the Sanscrit manas, which is the Greek μévos, Latin mens, and our mind. In the former case the name means "possessing friends;" in the latter "friendly."

AMARDI (a Persian tribe, Strab. xi. p. 741) is thought to be from the Zend hu, which is equivalent to the Sanscr. su, and the Greek ev, and Mod. Pers. merd, "vir," or "heros."-P. As the Old Persian word for " man,' however, is martiya (Zend mereto), and the meaning is "mortal" (from mri "to die ") rather than "a hero," this etymology may well be doubted. It is better to refer both Amardi and Mardi to mridh, "to kill or "fight." See under Mardonius. At any rate the first element in Amardi cannot possibly be hu, "good."-H. C. R. (See below, ARIOMARDUS.) ARASPES (Xen.) is probably from Sanser. Ariya, Zend Airya, "noble, excellent," and aspa, which in old Persian, as in Zend, meant a horse." (See Col. Rawlinson's Vocabulary, ad voc. 'Uvaspa, p. 86.) The name means "having excellent horses.”

ARBACES is a corrupt form of Harpagus, q. vidc.

66

ARIABIGNES, from Ariya, "excellent," or here "the excellent One," i. e. Ormazd, and Sanscr. bhaja," to serve;" therefore "serving the Excellent One."-H. C. R.

ARIACES (Arrian) is almost certainly Ariya, with a termination ak, which is either a diminutive, equivalent to the modern Persian ek; or more probably a Scythic suffix, representing the terminal guttural so common in the primitive Babylonian, which may be compared with the Basque_cat the end of names, and is perhaps, like that, a suffixed article.-H. C. R. ARIEUS (Xenoph.) seems to be simply the Greek rendering of Ariya, cellent." ARIARAMNES (Old Pers. Ariyárámana), from Ariya and rámana, akin to the Sanscrit raman, "a lover," and the Zend ráman, "pleasure" (R. Voc.),

ex

452

ON THE DERIVATION AND MEANING OF APP. BOOK VI.

perhaps "a lover of what is noble." Oppert says, from ariya and aram na, "joy."

ARIARATHES (Polyb.), from ariya and ratu, which is Zend and Sanscrit, sig.nifies "a chief." Ariarathes "noble chief."-P.

ARIMAZES (Q. Curt.), from ariya, and maz, "great." (Compare Zend mas and Sans. maha, Gr. peitov, &c.) Perhaps Ari here has the force of the Greek, άρι or έρι, in αρίζηλος, έριβῶλαξ, κ.τ.λ.

ARIOMARDUS (according to Pott) is from ariya and a root equivalent to the modern Persian merd, "vir," or "heros " (P.), whence the ethnic names Mardi (see vol. i. p. 338), Amardi, are thought to be derived. The name would thus mean "noble hero."

ARIZANTI Median tribe, Herod. i. 101), from ariya and (Zend) zantu, "stirps," therefore, "of noble stock," or "nobly descended."-P.

ARSACES (Eschyl.), from arsa, or arsha (Sanscr. arshya), “venerable," with the suffix ak (vid. supr. ad voc. ARIACES).

ARSAMENES, from arsha and (Sanscr.) manas (v. s. ad voc. ¤¤ÆMENES), erable-minded."-P.

ARSAMES (Old Pers. Arsháma), from arsha and ma, a suffix.—0.

"ven

ARSES (Diod. S.) is arsha, with the Greek nominatival ending.-R. Voc. ARSITES (Diod. S.), a participial form, from a verb ars or arsh, equivalent to the Sanscrit rish, “to exalt." Arsites is thus "exalted, elevated.”—0. ARTABANUS is probably for Atrabanus, or rather Atrapanus, and may be compared with Megapanus. It is derived from Atra or Adar, "fire," and pa (which occurs in khshatrapa-"a satrap"), " to protect." The sense is "protecting the fire."-H. C. R.

ARTABARDES (Old Pers. Artavardiya), from the transcendental particle arta, which is connected with the Zend areta, or ereta, and vardiya, which is formed by the addition of the adjectival suffix ya to the root vart (compare Sansc. vritta, Zend věrěto, Pazend vart), "celebrated." Thus the meaning of the name is "very celebrated.”—R. Voc.

ARTABAZANES, or ARTABARZANES (which is preferable), from arta and Zend berez (which is the Sanser. bhraj), "resplendent." Artabarzanes = "very resplendent.”—P.

ARTABAZUS.-Arta is here again probably by metathesis for atra, fire, as in Atradates. (See above, vol. i. p. 194, note.) The name means probably "the worshipper of fire," from Atra, or Adar, "fire," and Sans. bhaj, colere, venerari" (compare MEGABazus).

ARTACHEES, or ARTACHEUS, "very friendly," from the intensitive particle arta, and hakhá, "a friend," or "friendly."-0. (See above ad voc.

ACHEMENES.)

ARTEUS is probably "great," or "famous." (Compare Hesych. 'Aprás, μέγας καὶ λαμπρύς.) It is of course connected with arta.-R. Voc. ARTAMENES (Justin.), "high-spirited," from arta, intensitive, and Sanscr. manas =μévos. (Comp. ACHEMENES.)-P.

ARTAPATAS (Xen.) is either "powerful lord," from arta, intensitive, and Sanser. pati, Zend paiti, "lord;" or "protected by fire," from Atra, "fire," and pata, the past participle of pa," to protect." (Compare below, BAGAPATES, &c.)

NOTE A.

PROPER NAMES OF MEDES AND PERSIANS.

453

ARTAPHERNES may not impr bably be from atra, "fire," and the Sansc. pri, "to protect." It would thus be equivalent to Artabanus, and would mean "protecting the fire.”—H. C. R.

دو

ARTASYRAS (Ctes.), "very bright," or "the bright sun;" from arta, intensitive, and sura (compare Sanser. surya), or perhaps thura, "the sun.' (The latter root seems to be contained in the name of the month Thuraváhara. See Col. Rawlinson's Vocabulary, p. 180.)

ARTAXERXES (Old Pers. Artakhshatrá), from arta, and khshatrá, “ a king.” (Compare Sanser. Kshatra, and Zend khshathra, which have the same meaning.) Khshatram occurs frequently in the Behistun Inscription for 66 crown," or empire." Herodotus is altogether in error when he supposes that the second element in this name is identical with the name of King Xerxes. His translation, however, μéya apnios, may stand, for khshatra means both "king" and "warrior."-R. Voc.

ARTAYOTES is "celebrated," from arta, intensitive, and Sanser..ukta, "said.”H. C. R.

ARTAYNTES and ARTAYNTA (mul.) from arta in the sense of "great" (compare ARTEUS), and an adjectival termination-vent or vant. (Compare MARDONTES.) H. C. R.

ARTEMBARES is probably, in Old Persian, Atrambara, from Atram, the accusative case of atra, "fire," and bara," bearer," as in Bubares, bares, &c. The signification is thus, "the bearer of fire."-H. C. R.

ARTOCHMES, "very strong," from arta, intensitive, and Zend takhma, "strong." (Compare SITRATACHMES and TRITANTÆCHMES.)

ARTÔNIS (Arrian) may compare with the Zend feminine asaoni," casta.”—0. ARTOXARES (Plut.) is perhaps "rich in gold," from arta, intensitive, and Zend zara, "gold."

ASPAMITRAS (Ctes.), "lover of horses," from Zend açpa, Sanser. açva, Mod. Pers. asp, "a horse" (comp. Old Pers. 'uvaspa, "rich in horses "), and mitra, or mithra, which is in Sanser. not only the god Mithras, but also 66 a friend."-0.

ASPATHINES (Old Pers. Aspachana). The first element here is certainly açpa, as in Aspamitras; the second is conjectured to be an equivalent for the Sanser. dhanja, "rich," in which case the signification of the name would be "rich in horses." This is the view of Pott (Forsch. p. lix). M. Oppert derives the word from the Zend açpatha, "a horseman," with an appellative suffix ina (Journ. As. 4m Série, tom. xviii. p. 359). Neither savant seems to be aware that the native form is not Aspathines, but Aspachana (As. Journ. vol. xii. part ii. Note at the end, p. xx.). ASTYAGES, or as the name is more correctly given by Abydenus (Fr. 7), Eusebius (Chron. Can. Armen. passim), and others, ASDAHAGES, represents beyond a doubt the Zend Aj-dahak (nom. ajis-dahako) “the biting snake," one element of which appears again in the name Deioces, q. v. (Compare supra, vol. i. p. 323, note, and p. 547, note '.)—H. C. R.

ATRADATES (Nic. D.).—This name has been already explained, vol. i. p. 194, note°.

ATRINES (Old Pers. Atrina) is probably from the Zend atar, "fire;" with the appellative suffix -ina.—Ō.