Expedition of Darius against Scythia-its pretext (1). Previous history of the Scyth-

ians their war with their slaves (2-4). Traditions of their origin-1. Their own

account (5-7). 2. Greek version of the same (8-10). 3. Account preferred by the

author (11-12). Story of Aristeas (18-16). Description of Scythia (17-20). Neigh-

bouring nations, Sauromatæ, Budini, Argippæi, Issedones, and Arimaspi (21-27).

Climate of Scythia (28-81). Stories of the Hyperboreans (32-36). Universal geo-

graphy-1. Description of Asia (37-41). 2. Circumnavigation of Libya (42-3).

3. Voyage of Scylax (44). Origin of the names, Europe, Asia, Libya (45). Rc-

markable features of Scythia-the people (46-47). The rivers-the Ister and its

affluents (48-50). The Tyras (51). The Hypanis (52). The Borysthenes (53). The

Panticapes, Hypacyris, Gerrhus, Tanais, &c. (54-58). Religion of the Scyths-

gods (59). Sacrifices (60-61). Worship of Mars, &c. (62-63). War-customs (64-

66). Soothsayers (67-69.) Oaths (70). Burial of the kings, &c. (71-73). Use of

hemp (74-75). Hatred of foreign customs-stories of Anacharsis and Scylas

(76-80). Population (81). Marvels (82). Preparations of Darius (83-85). Size of

the Euxine, Propontis, &c. (86). March of Darius to the Ister (87-92). Customs of

the Thracians (98-96). Darius at the Ister (97-98). Size and shape of Scythia

(99-101). Description of the surrounding nations, Tauri, &c. (102–117). Consulta-

tion of the kings (118-119). Plans of the Scyths (120). March of Darius through

Scythia and return to the Ister (121-140). Passage of the Ister and return to the

Hellespont (141-142). Saying of Megabazus (144). Libyan expedition of Aryandes

-Founding of Thera (145-149). Theræans required by the oracle to colonise Libya

-two accounts (150-155). Occupation of Platea (156). Settlement at Aziris (157).

Colonisation of Cyrene (158). History of Cyrene from its foundation to the death

of Arcesilaus III. (159-164). Application of Pheretima to Aryandes (165). Fate of

Aryandes (166). Expedition against Barca (167). Account of the Libyan tribes

from Egypt to Lake Tritonis (168-181). The three regions of Northern Libya (182–

185). Customs of the Libyans (186-190). Contrast of eastern and western Libya

(191-192). Account of the western tribes (193-196). Four nations of Libya (197).

Productiveness of Libya (198-199). Account of the expedition against Barca (200-

203). Fate of the Barceans (204). Death of Pheretima (205) .
Page 1

26234

iv

CONTENTS OF VOL. III.

APPENDIX TO BOOK IV.

ESSAY I.

ON THE CIMMERIANS OF HERODOTUS AND THE MIGRATIONS OF THE

OYMRIC RACE.

1. Early importance of the Cimmerians-their geographical extent. 2. Identity of the

Cimmerii with the Cymry-close resemblance of the two names. 3. Historical con-

firmation of the identity-connecting link in the Cimbri. 4. Comparative philology

silent but not adverse. 5. Migrations of the Cimmerians-westward, and then east-

ward. Existing Cimbric and Celtic races

ESSAY II.

ON THE ETHNOGRAPHY OF THE EUROPEAN SOYTHS.

Page 150

1. Supposed Mongolian origin of the Scyths-grounds of the opinion twofold. 2. Re-

semblance of physical characteristics, slight. 3. Resemblance of manners and

customs, not close. 4. True test, that of language. 5. Possibility of applying it.

6. The application-Etymology of Scythic common terms. 7. Explanation of the

names of the Scythian gods. 8. Explanation of some names of men. 9. Explanation

of geographical names. 10. Result, that the Scythians of Herodotus were an Indo-

European race. 11. Further result, that they were a distinct race, not Slaves, nor

Celts, nor Teutons; and that they are now extinct

ESSAY III.

ON THE GEOGRAPHY OF SCYTHIA.

158

1. Necessity of examining Niebuhr's theory of the Scythia of Herodotus. 2. The theory

stated. 3. Its grounds. 4. Considerations which disprove it. 5. Real views of

Herodotus. 6. His personal knowledge of the region. 7. His correctness as to

leading facts, and mistakes us to minutiæ. 8. Possibility of changes since his time.

9. Identification of rivers and places

NOTE A.-On the words Thyssageta and Massagetæ

169

175

HISTORY OF HERODOTUS.

THE FIFTH BOOK, ENTITLED TERPSICHORE.

Thracian conquests of Megabazus (1-2). Customs of the Thracians (3-8). Region
north of Thrace (9-10). Coes and Histiæus rewarded (11). Story of Pigres and
Mantyes (12-14). Megabazus reduces the Pæonians (15).. Customs of the Pæonians
(16). Submission of Macedonia-story of the ambassadors (17-21). Hellenism of
the royal family of Macedon (22). Recall of Histiæus (23-24). Appointment of Ar-

CONTENTS OF VOL. III.

taphernes and Otanes (25). Conquests of Otanes (26-27). Troubles arise in Ionia

-previous history of Miletus (28-29). Aristagoras' expedition against Naxos (30-

34). Message of Histiæus (35). Revolt of Aristagoras (36). Fate of the tyrants

(37-38). Aristagoras goes to Sparta-Recent history of Sparta (39-48). Aristago-

ras fails to persuade Cleomenes (49-54). He goes to Athens-Recent history of

Athens-Murder of Hipparchus-Expulsion of Hippias-Clisthenes-attempts of

Sparta. Theban and Eginetan wars, &c. (55-96). Aristagoras obtains aid from

Athens (97). Escape of the Pæonians (98). Attack on Sardis, which is taken and

burnt (99-101). Retreat and defeat of the Greeks (102). Spread of the revolt tc

Caria and Caunus (103). Revolt and reduction of Cyprus-Darius and Histiæus

(104-115). Persians recover the Hellespont (116-7). War in Caria (118-121).

Persian successes in Æolis and Ionia (122-123). Aristagoras resolves on flight (124).

Advice of Histiæus (125). Flight and death of Aristagoras (126)

Page 177

APPENDIX TO BOOK V.

ESSAY I.

ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF SPARTA.

1. Spartans, immigrants into the Peloponnese. 2. Supposed migrations of the Dorians.

3. Their occupation of the Peloponnese according to the ordinary legend. 4. The

true history unknown. 5. Probable line of march. 6. Date of the occupation.

7. The conquest gradual. 8. Spartan Dorians-Sparta and Amycle-carly wars.

9. Internal history-origin of the double monarchy-troubles of the early period.

10. Condition of Sparta before Lycurgus-the three classes-(i.) Spartans-(ii.) Pe-

ricci-(iii.) Helots. 11. Succession of the early kings. 12. Original constitution

of Sparta-Kings-Senate-Ecclesia. 13. Constitutional changes of Lycurgus, slight.

14. His discipline-question of its origin. 15. Causes of its adoption. 16. Supposed

equalisation of landed property. 17. Arguments which disprove it. 18. Effects of

Lycurgus' legislation-conquests, and increase of Perioci. 19. Messenian wars.

20. Causes of the rupture. 21. Outline of the first war. 22. Date and duration.

23. Internal changes consequent on the first war-"Peers" and "Inferiors"-

"Small" and "Great Assembly"-colonisation of Tarentum. 24. Interval between

the wars.
25. Outline of the second war. 26. Its duration. 27. War with Pisatis.

28. War with Arcadia. 29. Gradual diminution of the kingly power at Sparta, and

continued rise of the Ephors. 30. Rapid decrease in the number of Spartan citi-

267

zens

ESSAY II.

ON THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE ATHENIANS.

1. Obscurity of early Athenian history. 2. Primitive inhabitants of Attica unwarlike.

8. Causes of her weakness—no central authority—Pelasgic blood. 4. First ap-

pearance of the Athenians in history-stories of Melanthus and Codrus, 5. Blank in

the external history. 6. Ionian migration conducted by sons of Codrus. 7. In-

ternal history. 8. Early tribes-Teleontes, Hopletes, Egicoreis, and Argadeis.

9. Clans and phratries-importance of this division. 10. Trittyes and Naucraries.

vi

CONTENTS OF VOL. III.

11. Political distribution of the people-Eupatrida, Geomori, and Demiurgi. 12.

First period of the aristocracy-from Codrus to Alcmæon, B. c. 1050-752. 13.

Second period-from Alcmæon to Eryxias-B. c. 752-684-rapid advance. 14. Mode

in which the usurpations were made-substitution of the Eupatrid assembly for the

old Agora. 15. Power of the old Senate. 16. Full establishment of oligarchy,

B. C. 684. 17. First appearance of the democratical spirit-legislation of Draco.

18. Revolt of Cylon, crushed. 19. Sacrilege committed-wide-spread discontent.

20. Solon chosen as mediator-his proceedings. 21. Date of his archonship. 22.

His recovery of Salamis. 23. His connexion with the Sacred War. 24. His

legislation - the Seisachtheia and debasement of the currency. 25. Prospective

measures. 26. Constitutional changes-introduction of the four classes, Pentacosio-

medimni, Hippeis, Zeugita, and Thetes. 27. Arrangement of burthens-income-

tax-military service. 28. Pro-Bouleutic council. 29. Importance of these changes

-Dicasteries. 30. Solon the true founder of the democracy. 31. Solon confined

citizenship to the tribes. 32. Laws of Solon-(i.) Penalties for crimes-(ii.)

Stimulus to population—(iii.) Law against political neutrality. 33. Results of his

legislation-time of repose-revival of discontent-Solon leaves Athens. 34. Re-

appearance of the old parties-Pedieis, &c.-return of Solon-his courage.

Tyranny of Pisistratus

35.

Page 303

HISTORY OF HERODOTUS.

THE SIXTH BOOK, ENTITLED ERATO.

Histiæus comes down to the coast (1-3). Conspiracy discovered at Sardis (4). Histiæus
sails to the Hellespont (5). Miletus threatened by the Persians-the two fleets-
battle of Ladé (6-15). Misfortunes of the Chians (16). Dionysius the Phocæan
commander (17). Fall of Miletus (18). Punishment of the Milesians (19-20).
Sorrow of Athens (21). Fate of the Samians-seizure of Zancle (22-25). Fate of
Histiæus (26-30). Punishment of the rebels (31-32). Phoenician fleet ravages the
Chersonese (33). Chersonesite kingdom of the Cimonida (34-40). Flight of Mil-
tiades to Athens (41). New settlement of Ionia by the Persians (42). Expedition
of Mardonius fails (43-45). Suspected revolt of Thasos (46-47). Envoys of Da-
rius demand earth and water-submission of Egina and the islands generally (48-
49). Cleomenes attempts to punish the Eginetans (50). Cleomenes' feud with De-
maratus (51). The double royalty at Sparta-descent-privileges of the kings
(52-59). Spartan customs (60). Story of Ariston (61-63). Demaratus, deprived
of his crown, flies to Persia, (64-70). Leotychides made king (71). Fate of Leoty-
chides (72). Eginetans forced to give hostages (73). Fate of Cleomenes (74-75).
Various causes assigned for his insanity (76-84). Eginetans demand back their
hostages-story of Glaucus (85-86). War between Egina and Athens (87-93). Ex-
pedition of Datis and Artaphernes (94). Course of the expedition (95-99). Prepa-
rations of the Eretrians-siege and surrender of Eretria (100-101). Persians land
at Marathon (102). Account of Miltiades (103-104). Pheidippides sent to Sparta-
appearance of Pan (105-106). Dream of Hippias (107). Platæans join the Athenians
-previous connexion of the two nations (108). Division among the Athenian geu-
erals-Miltiades and Callimachus (109-110). Preparations for battle (111). Battle
of Marathon (112-114). Attempt to surprise Athens (115-116). Story of Epizelus
(117). Return of the expedition to Asia (118-119). Spartans visit Marathon (120).