(d) Vertically pivoted sash shall comply generally with the requirements for horizontally pivoted sash. If the entire window is pivoted in one sash, such sash must be constructed in such manner as to afford stiffness, and in such manner as to prevent warping under heat.

(e) Top-hinge windows and casement windows must be provided with heavy steel hinges and substantial steel locks securely fastened in place. The sash of these types of windows shall be so constructed as to fit the frame closely and afford ample weatherproof qualities at all points.

(f) Tilting windows shall comply generally with the requirements for pivoted windows, and shall be provided with stops and fastenings necessary to afford ample weatherproof qualities and make them structurally secure. (g) Where the area of a wall opening is in excess of 5 by 9 feet, the metal frame containing the sash or glass must be reinforced at every point of division by not less than a 5-inch I-beam securely fastened into the brick work, proper allowance being made for expansion of the beam when heated. I-beams shall be protected on the flanges with at least 2 inches of tile, concrete, or other incombustible material approved by the local or State Building Commissioner, and next to the web with at least two and one half inches of such material, which thickness shall be increased on larger beams. Metal frames shall be securely attached to the reinforcing members .

(h) In addition to the windows specified in this section, any other type of construction having at least equivalent fire-resisting properties may be accepted under standards approved by the State Building Commissioner.

383. SHUTTERS.] (a) Where standard iron shutters are used to meet the requirements of this section, they shall be made of not less than No. 14 U. S. gage sheet iron or steel, and shall lap the wall at least one and one-half inches all around. The bottom of the shutter shall fit the sill closely where it is not practical to lap it. Frames shall be made of not less than one and one-half by one-fourth inch angle iron with not less than two cross bars of the same size and material. Shutters over 6 feet in height shall have such cross bars not exceeding 2 feet apart. The frame shall enter the wall opening when the shutter is closed. These shutters shall have not less than two latches of one and one-half by three-eighths inch iron; and where over 6 feet in height, the distance between latches shall not exceed 2 feet. If the shutters are single, latches shall work together by a five-eighths inch connecting rod, and be fastened into substantial lugs riveted on each shutter or to proper fastenings in the brick wall. When double shutters are used, latches shall extend at least one-third of the distance across the opposite shutter. Hinges shall be of two-inch by one-fourth inch iron extending at least three-fourths of the way across the shutter. Hinges shall not be more than 2 feet apart when the shutter is over 6 feet in height. Pin blocks or shutter eyes shall be securely set in wall, preferably while building. On finished buildings pin blocks or eyes should be firmly set in holes drilled in wall, and fastened with iron wedges and cement. Pins shall be of not less than half-inch round iron. Rivets shall be of iron at least five-sixteenths inch in diameter, and be spaced not exceeding 6 inches apart. Hooks or gravity catches in wall shall be provided to hold shutter in position when open. At least one shutter in three on each floor above the first shall be constructed so that it can be operated from the inside and from the outside. Handles on outside shall be so constructed that they can be operated by hand or pike pole. Shutters shall be thoroughly painted with two coats of iron oxide and boiled oil or their equivalent.

(b) Where tin-clad shutters are used to fulfill the requirements of this section, they shall be of the same construction as the tin-clad fire-doors specified in section 380, except that only two thicknesses of thirteen sixteenth inch boards are required in their construction instead of the three thicknesses specified. The shutters shall be hung next to the masonry, and shall overlap the window opening 4 inches or fit close inside the opening. When made in pairs, the edges shall be slightly beveled to allow the shutters to be readily opened and closed, and to aid in making a tight fit; or shutters made in pairs may be protected by a 4 or 24-inch iron astragal bolted to one shutter by carriage bolts placed 10 inches apart. The tin covering shall be the same as for fire doors, except that the seams shall be made with the upper sheet lapping outside of the under one so as to shed water. The hinges shall be wrought iron 5-16 by 14 inches, and be secured by bolts. Substan

tial wrought-iron pin or eye blocks shall be securely set in, or be bolted through, the wall. The shutters shall be fastened shut by at least two 12x -inch steel latches working together, spaced about one-third the distance from the top to the bottom of the window opening, and being pivoted on -inch bolts through the shutter. The catches shall be provided with a flare and be fastened to the shutter by two through bolts. At least one shutter in three on each floor above the first and below the seventh, and all shutters next to fire-escapes, and all shutters above adjoining buildings shall be constructed so that they can be operated from both inside and outside.

(c) When rolling steel shutters are used to meet the requirements of this section, their construction shall be the same as specified for rolling fire doors in section 381 except in the following particular: The metal shall be galvanized steel not less than No. 24 U. S. gage. Only one shutter shall be required at each opening. The operating mechanism shall be so designed that the shutter will be normally open; but whether manually-operated or normally-open shutters are employed, they shall be provided with a satisfactory automatic closing device.

(d) Where hollow metal doors are used to fulfill the requirements of this section, the doors shall be made of sheet steel of at least No. 20 U. S. gage, or of 20-ounce copper. The stiles and rails shall be at least 1% inches thick, and the panels at least 1/4-inch thick. The sheet metal forming the exposed surfaces of the panels shall enclose a solid filling of asbestos or other approved insulating material. The doors shall be arranged to close into rabbeted frames, and shall be fitted with ordinary heavy hardware. If glass panels are used, the glass shall be wired glass at least 1/4-inch thick, and no pane shall exceed 36 inches in any dimension.

(e) Where metal-covered wood-filled panel-doors are used, the wood filling in the stiles and rails shall not be less than 12-inch thick, and that in the panels shall not be less than 4-inch thick. The metal covering shall be at least No. 26 U. S. gage, and shall be applied in large sheets. A lining of asbestos paper shall be installed between the metal covering and the wood core. The metal covering shall be painted both inside and out as a preventative to corrosion.

(f) In addition to the shutters specified in this section, any other type of construction having at least equivalent fire-resisting properties may be accepted under standards approved by the State Building Commissioner.

384. FLOOR OPENINGS FOR PIPES, CONDUITS AND ELECTRIC CABLES.] Where pipes, conduits, wires and electric cables extend from one story to another, the space in each floor-opening not occupied by such pipes, conduits, wires and electric cables shall be filled in solid with fireproof material not less than 8 inches thick.

385. PIPES ENCLOSED BY COVERING.] Pipes shall not be enclosed within the fireproofing of columns or of other structural members of any fireproof building, provided gas or electric light conduits not exceeding 1 inch in diameter may be inserted in the outer 34-inch of the fireproofing of such structural member where such fireproofing of such structural member is entirely composed of concrete.

(b) Pipes or conduits may rest upon the tops of the steel floor-beams or girders, provided they are imbedded in cinder concrete to which slaked lime equal to 5 per cent of the volume of concrete has been added before mixing, or provided they are imbedded in stone or gravel concrete.

386. RISE OF ROOF ABOVE LIMIT OF HEIGHT.] In fireproofing buildings, the roof may rise above the top of the external wall at a slope not to exceed 30 degrees with the horizon, to a height not exceeding 20 feet above the top of the wall. The space enclosed by such roof above the top of such wall may be used as an inclosure for pipes, ventilating or elevator machinery, or for ventilating ducts; but it shall not be lawful to use such space for the purposes of storage, business, or residence.

387. FLOOR AND ROOF CONSTRUCTION.] (a) All floors and roofs of fireproof buildings shall be constructed of brick, hollow tile, porous terra-cotta, or concrete.

(b) Wood flooring and wood nailing strips for such flooring may be used in fireproof buildings.

(c) Where such flooring is used in a fireproof building, the space immediately under the flooring, and between and under the nailing strips, shall be

filled with cement or cinder concrete tamped into place before it has set, or with such other incombustible material as shall be approved by the local or State Building Commissioner.

B. UNPROTECTED METAL-SKELETON CONSTRUCTION.

388. UNPROTECTED METAL-SKELETON CONSTRUCTION.] The term "Unprotected Metal-Skeleton Construction" shall be understood to be that form of construction in which the weight of the structure and other parts is carried to the foundation by iron or steel structural-members, and in which the metal structural-members are not protected by fireproofing, and in which the sides and roof are covered with corrugated metal, or brick and tile, or reinforced concrete, or other incombustible material.

389. STRUCTURAL DETAILS.] The structural details of all buildings of unprotected metal skeleton construction shall in every way conform to the requirements for metal construction as stated in Article XI.

C. MILL CONSTRUCTION.

390. MILL CONSTRUCTION DEFINED.] The term "Mill Construction" shall apply to all buildings in which the wooden posts therein have a sectional area of not less than 100 square inches, and the wooden girders and joists have a sectional area of not less than 72 square inches, and the roofs, if of wood, have a thickness of not less than two and five-eighths inches in a single layer, and the filcors, if of wood, have a thickness of not less than 31⁄2 inches in not more than two layers, the lower of which shall be not less than 25% inches in thickness.

391. DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.] (a) All structural metallic members shall be fireproofed as required for fireproof construction.

(b) All floors and roofs not constructed as described in section 390 shall be of fireproof construction.

(c) All partitions shall be made entirely of incombustible material. (d) All iron columns, girders, or beams shall be protected by fireproofing as specified in this Act; but the wooden posts, girders and joists need not be protected by fireproof covering.

(e) Wood furring, wood studs and wood lath shall not be permitted in buildings of this type.

(f) All stairs shall be of incombustible material, except as hereinafter provided.

D. SLOW-BURNING CONSTRUCTION.

392. SLOW-BURNING CONSTRUCTION DEFINED.] The term "Slow Burning Construction" shall apply to all buildings in which the structural members, other than walls elsewhere required to be of masonry, which carry the loads and stresses which come upon the floor and roofs thereof, are made wholly or in part of combustible material.

393. DETAILS OF CONSTRUCTION.] (a) No wood posts shall be of less than 100 square inches sectional area.

area.

(b) No wood girders shall be of less than 72 square inches sectional

(c) The under-side of joists shall be protected by a covering of three coats of plaster laid on metal lath; and a layer of mortar or other incombustible material at least 11⁄2 inches thick shall be applied on all floors and roof surfaces above the joists of the same.

(d) Structural metallic members, if used, shall be protected against injury from fire by coverings of fireproof material.

(e) The lower 5 feet of metal columns shall be protected as required in paragraph (e) of section 391 of this Act.

(f) All partitions shall be made entirely of incombustible material. (g) No wood furring, wood struts, or wood lath shall be permitted in any building of this type.

(h) All stairs shall be of incombustible material, except as herein provided.

E. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION.

394. COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION DEFINED.] The term "Composite Construction" as used in this Act shall be understood to mean the system of construction in which timber and iron structural parts are not protected with fireresisting coverings, and in which the walls are of masonry built as required by this Act.

F. FRAME CONSTRUCTION.

395. FRAME CONSTRUCTION DEFINED.] The term "Frame Construction" wherever used in this Act, shall mean that type of construction in which any part of the floors, roof, walls or structural members, if of wood, are less in sectional area or thickness than required by this Act for mill, slow-burning or composite construction, and in which the structural metallic members are unprotected from the effects of fire.

396. REPAIRS AND ADDITIONS.] (a) Frame buildings within the fire limits of cities, towns and villages which have been damaged by fire, decay or otherwise, to an extent not greater than 50 per cent of their value may be repaired; provided, there is no increase in size of such buildings over their original dimensions; and provided, further, an incombustible roof covering is used. Where any frame building is raised for the purpose of constructing a basement under the same, the walls enclosing such basement shall be of masonry.

(b) No frame building nor any frame addition to any existing frame building, shall hereafter be constructed within the fire limits of cities, towns and villages, except where express provision is made therefor in this Act.

(c) Outside the said fire limits it shall be lawful to erect frame buildings not exceeding 40 feet in height from the sidewalk to the highest point of roof. If such frame buildings have a basement story of masonry, their height above the sidewalk shall not exceed 45 feet, provided no portion of any such buildings above the second floor be used as a separate living apartment.

(d) Frame buildings having basement walls and foundations of solid masonry may be surrounded with a veneer of brick not less than 4 inches in thickness; provided, the said veneer is not carried higher than the second story, or 25 feet above the basement ceiling; and provided, further, that the said veneer is anchored to the studding or other frame construction in a manner satisfactory to the local or State Building Commissioner. Such brick veneer is not to be placed on gables or other parts of frame buildings above the height herein specified.

397. CHANGING FRAME BUILDINGS INTO TENEMENT OR APARTMENT BUILDINGS.] Whenever any frame building within the fire limits shall be remodeled altered or changed for the purpose of using the same for tenements or apartments, each suite of apartments shall be separated from every other suite of apartments by a wall of incombustible material of such dimensions and thickness as required by this Act.

398. RAISING FRAME BUILDINGS.] (a) Permission may be granted by the local or State Building Commissioner for raising existing frame buildings, whether within or without the fire limits, to the limits of height hereinbefore fixed for new frame buildings; and inside the fire limits, for the purpose of putting a masonry basement thereunder.

(b) The local or State Building Commissioner may issue permits for changing gable or hip roof of existing frame buildings to flat roofs, and for the raising of the walls incident to such change; but if such hip or gable roof is changed to a flat roof and the walls raised in connection with such change, the total cubic contents included by the walls so raised and the roof so altered shall not exceed the cubic contents originally included in such gable or hip roof, and in no case shall a two-story and attic building be converted into a three-story building thereby.

(c) Where the different parts of a frame building inside the fire limits are of different heights, a one-story portion may be raised to the height of two stories; provided, the greatest height thereof does not exceed the limits of height prescribed in this Act for frame buildings; and provided, further, that no room in the existing building or in the addition thereto shall violate the requirements of this Act for habitable rooms.

ARTICLE XIII.

SAFETY DURING CONSTRUCTION.

400. SCAFFOLDS AND HOISTS.] (a) All scaffolds, hoists, cranes, stays, ladders, supports, or other mechanical contrivances, erected or constructed by any person, firm or corporation, for use in the erection, repairing, alteration, removal or painting of any house, building, bridge, viaduct, or other structure, shall be erected and constructed in a safe, suitable and proper manner; and shall be so erected and constructed, placed and operated, as to give proper and adequate protection to the life and limb of any person or persons employed or engaged thereon, or passing under or by the same, and in such manner as to prevent the falling of any material that may be used or deposited thereon.

(b) Scaffolding or staging swung or suspended from an overhead support more than 20 feet from the ground or floor, shall have, where practicable, a safety rail properly secured and braced, rising at least 34 inches above the floor or main portion of such scaffolding or staging, and extending along the entire length of the outside and ends thereof, and properly attached thereto. Such scaffolding or staging shall be so fastened as to prevent the same from swaying from the building or structure.

(c) All scaffolds, platforms, and all appurtenances thereto shall be so constructed as to bear twice the maximum load to be placed thereon; and such scaffold, platform or appurtenances shall not be so overloaded or overcrowded as to render the same unsafe or dangerous.

(d) It is hereby made the duty of the owner, lessee, builder and contractor or sub-contractor of such house, building or structure and of the superintendent of said construction and of the agent of the owner or lessee of such building or structure to see that all the provisions of this section are complied with.

401. ALLOWABLE LOAD ON FLOOR.] (a) It shall be the duty of the owner of every house, building or structure, except a private residence not over two stories and basement in height, and except also a private barn, granary and other farm buildings, to display conspicuously on each floor of such building during construction, a placard stating the load per square foot that each particular floor or part thereof was designed to carry, except that reinforced concrete construction need not be so placarded until the concrete has set.

(b) It shall be unlawful to load any such floor or any part thereof to a greater extent than the load indicated on such placards.

402. TEMPORARY FLOORS.] (a) All contractors or owners, when constructing buildings of steel-skeleton construction, shall lay and maintain a temporary plank floor on the posts next below the story for which the erection of steel work is in progress; and when the steel work of any story is complete, the work on the next story shall not be started until the next succeeding temporary floor is laid.

(b) Where the permanent floor is in place on the floor herein required to be planked, a temporary floor shall not be required.

(c) All openings for stairways or elevator shafts shall be covered by a temporary plank floor, or shall be protected by a substantial railing.

403. ELEVATING MACHINERY.] (a) If elevating machinery or hoisting apparatus is used within a building for the purpose of lifting materials to be used in such construction, the contractors or owners shall cause the shafts or openings in each floor to be enclosed on all sides by a substantial barrier or railing at least 4 feet in height.

(b) Any hoisting machine or engine used in such building construction shall, where practicable, be set on the ground; and where it is necessary to place such hoisting machine or engine on any floor above the ground floor, such machine must have a support capable of sustaining twice the weight of such machine.

(c) If the building is five stories or more high, no materials for its construction shall be hoisted over public streets or alleys unless such street or alley shall be barricaded from use by the public, unless there shall be built over the adjoining sidewalk a roof having a framework composed of supports and stringers of not less than 2-inch by 12-inch timbers not more