Quantity. 92. A syllable is long by nature when it has a long vowel or diphthong: кρi-voi-μŋv may be judged. A syllable is long by position when its vowel is followed by two consonants or by a double consonant: op-Tvέ quail. a. The consonants, which make a final syllable long by position, may be partly or wholly in the following word: thus the second syllable in ἄλλος τόπος, and in ἄλλο στόμα, is long by position. b. In a syllable long by position it must not be supposed that the vowel is necessarily long. This was sounded according to its natural quantity. Thus the first vowel was sounded short in Xéέw, kadλos, long in λήξω, μᾶλλον, though the first syllable in all these words was long. 93. When a vowel naturally short is followed by a mute and liquid, the syllable is common, that is, it may be used as long or short, at pleasure: thus in τέκνον, τυφλός, τί δρᾷς, the first syllable is common. But, a. The mute and liquid must be in the same word. Hence the preposition ex before a liquid always (even in composition) makes a long syllable: ἐκ νεῶν, ἐκλέγειν. b. The rule applies to middle mutes (B, d, y) only before ρ. Before μ, they always make a long syllable, and generally so before λ: thus in τάγμα, δνα, βίβλος the first syllable is long. 92 D. a. In Hm. one of the consonants, which make position, may be the (unwritten) digamma: τοῖόν οἱ πῦρ = τοῖόν Fοι πῦρ (1-1). c. EPIC SHORTENING OF VOWEL BEFORE VOWEL.-In epic poetry a long vowel or diphthong at the end of a word makes a short syllable, when the next word begins with a vowel: εἰ δὴ ὁμοῦ (1ου 1), καί μοι ὤμοσσον (L), see 75 D e. This takes place occasionally in the choruses of the dramatic poets. But the long vowel or diphthong remains long: (1) When the rhythmic accent falls upon it (in thesis, 1071): év μeɣáλw ådúry (LUULUUL); (2) When the next word began with the digamma: Éкaтdν καὶ εἴκοσι (-1). d. A long vowel or diphthong is rarely made short before a vowel in the same word: Hm. oîos (~~), Béßλnai ovd' (Luu L). Even in the Attic drama τοιοῦτος (αυ), ποιῶ (--), δείλαιος ( ), and a few other words admit this interior shortening. པ 93 D. In Hm. a mute and liquid generally make position: TéкVOV, Tí κλαίεις (1-1-1), ὕπνος πανδαμάτωρ (1-1ου 1). Even before a simple liquid at the beginning of some words a final short vowel often makes a long syllable: Kāλhy te μeɣáλny TE (L-LUUL-), when perhaps the liquid was doubled in pronouncing. So too before F: anò eo (~~~) = ånd Féo (and σFeo, 72). So also before 8 in the root de- (deídia fear, etc.) and dhv long, which once began with SF. 94. The quantity of most syllables is obvious at once. Thus, syllables a. with 7, w, or a diphthong, are always long. b. with e, o, before a vowel or single consonant, are short. C. with E, 0, before two consonants, or a double consonant, are long. d. with a, i, v, before two consonants, or a double consonant, are long. Rules c and d are liable to the exception in 93. There remain, then, subject to uncertainty, only the syllables with a, i, v before a vowel or single consonant. As to these we observe that Syllables with a, i, v may be known to be long: e. when they have the circumflex accent: кpîve. f. when they arise from a contraction: äkov from ȧékwv. REM. The quantity of a, i, v, so far as it is connected with inflection, is to be learned from the grammar. In other cases, it may be ascertained by consulting the lexicons, or by observing the usage of Greek poets. ACCENT. 95. The Greek accent consisted in a raising of the pitch, and not in stress of utterance. 96. There are three kinds of accent: the acute, marked': λúony,` the circumflex, marked^: Avorov, a. These marks stand over the vowel of the accented syllable. In case of a diphthong, the accent stands over the second vowel; but over the first vowel of an improper diphthong (cf. 17 a): avтoús, avroîs, αὐτῷ. b. The acute and grave follow the breathing when both belong to the same vowel: öλos, v; but the circumflex is placed above the breathing: ye, DUTOS. When they belong to a capital letter, they are placed before it: "Eλλny, Ωτος. 97. The acute shows that the whole vowel was uttered on a higher key. The circumflex (made up of the acute and grave, '`^) shows that the vowel began on a high key, but sank away to a lower. The grave belonged in theory to every vowel which had not the acute or circumflex. The term was applied in two ways. First, to unaccented 94 D. The quantity of a, i, v varies in many words, especially in Hm.; they often become long under the rhythmic accent (in thesis, see 1071), when otherwise they would be short: ἔομεν or ἴωμεν let us go, Αρες, "Αρες, βροτόλοιγε (Συνδυνών). Hm. has καλός, τίνω for Att. καλός, τίνω; on the other hand he has usually ἵημι, λύω for Att. ἵημι, λύω. vowels, as we should call them, i. e., those which did not rise above the general pitch: here, being the mere negation of an accent, it was not in general written thus äveрwπоs, not aveрàñòs. Secondly, to the modified acute at the end of a word; see 108. : 98. To the Latin terms accent, acute, circumflex, grave, correspond the Greek Tрoodia singing, pitch, or Tóvos tone (straining or raising of the voice), ὀξύς sharp, περισπώμενος drawn around, and βαρύς heavy, fat. From these words, together with the prepositions Tapá near and pó before, are derived the names in the following section. 99. The acute can stand only on one of the last three syllables of a word, the circumflex on one of the last two. A word which has the acute A word which has no accent on the ultima is called barytone. This name, of course, belongs alike to paroxytones, proparoxytones, and properispomena. Accent as affected by Quantity. 100. a. The acute stands on long and short syllables alike, the circumflex only on syllables long by nature. b. If the ultima is long by nature, the acute cannot stand on the antepenult, nor the circumflex on the penult. c. Final - and -, after a short vowel, exclude the acute from the antepenult, but not the circumflex from the penult: thus we have ἥλιξ, but νυκτοφύλαξ instead of νυκτόφυλαξ. 101. Using now the words long and short to denote natural quantity (of Vowel-sounds) without regard to position, we have the following rules: A word with short ultima, if accented a. on the antepenult, has the acute: λvóμela, ¿λúovтo. c. on a long penult, has the circumflex: λeλvkvîav. A word with long ultima, if accented e. on the penult, has the acute: λeλvKÓTWV, λedvkvíās. f. on the ultima, has either the acute or the circumflex: λελυκώς, λελυκυιῶν. 102. It is important to observe, that a. Final -a and -o have the effect of short vowels on the accent of the penult and antepenult: Avovrai, Avóμevo (101 a), τοσοῦτοι, τοσαῦται (101 c). b. Not so, however, in the optative mode: Taidevoi, taidevσai (101 e); nor in the adverb oikot at home. 103. a. Exception to 100 b.-Some words in -ews, -ewv are accented on the antepenult: Mevéλews, tóλews; see 162 a, 203. So also a few other words (compound adjectives) in -ws: dúσepws unhappy in love, výíkepws lofty antlered. b. Some exceptions to 101 c, as wσre, ide, are explained by the rules for enclitics (115, cf. 118). 104. a. We can often determine the quantity of vowels from the accent. Thus the ultima must be short in πέλεκυς, πρᾶξις (100 b), and long in ὀπώρα (101 c): the penult must be short in ríves, for, if long, it would be written τίνες (101 c). b. Rules for accent, so far as it is connected with inflection, are given in the grammar. But the accent of words must be learned, to a great extent, from the lexicons, or by observation in reading. In the majority of words, it recedes as far from the end as the foregoing rules allow; when thus placed, it may be called recessive accent. Accent as affected by Vowel-Changes. 105. Contraction.-If either of the syllables contracted had an accent, the contract syllable receives one. For a contract penult or antepenult, the kind of accent is determined by the general rules (101). A contract ultima receives the acute, if the ultima had it before contraction; otherwise it takes the circumflex. τιμώμενος from τιμαζόμενος τιμάτω from τιμα-έτω ὀστῷ from ὀστέ-ῳ τιμᾶσθαι τιμάζει τιμά-εσθαι τιμα ἑστώς « ἑστα-ώς a. If neither of the syllables contracted had an accent, the contract syllable receives none: τίμᾶ from τίμα-ε. 106. Crasis.-In crasis, the accent of the first word disappears; that of the last remains unchanged: τἀγαθά from τὰ ἀγαθά. But the lengthening of an accented penult by crasis may require a change from acute to circumflex (101 c): τἆλλα from τὰ ἄλλα. 107. Elision.-In elision, oxytone prepositions and conjunctions lose their accent; other oxytone words throw it back on the penult: ἐπ ̓ αὐτῷ (ἐπί on), οὐδ ̓ αὐτός (οὐδέ neither), but ἕπτ ̓ ἦσαν (ἑπτά seven). 104 D. b. The Aeolic (of Lesbos) has recessive accent in all words: Tóтaμos, ποτάμου, τράχυς, λέλειφθαι for ποταμός, ποταμοῦ, τραχύς, λελεῖφθαι. But in the accent of prepositions and conjunctions it agrees with the other dialects: περί, ἀτάρ. Accent as affected by Connection in Discourse. 108. CHANGE OF ACUTE TO GRAVE.-When an oxytone is followed by other words in close connection, its acute changes to the grave: ἀπό from, but ἀπὸ τούτου from this, βασιλεύς king, but faoideùs éyévero he became king. 109. Anastrophe. - Oxytone prepositions of two syllables sometimes shift their accent from the ultima to the penult. This is called anastrophe (retraction of the accent). It occurs: a. When the preposition follows its case: Touтwv Téρ instead of περὶ τούτων about this. b. When a preposition takes the place of a verb (eσrí being omitted): πάρα for πάρεστι it is permitted (as preposition παρά); ἔνι for EveσTI it is possible (as preposition éví poetic for ev). 110. But avri, àμpí, diá do not suffer anastrophe: nor does ává, except in the poetic form ava up! arise! In prose, Tepí is the only preposition that ever follows its case. a. If a preposition with elided vowel stands after its case, it is usually written without accent: Toû Tap' àv0púπwv; from whom of men? b. In poetry, we have rápa for Tápeloi, and even for other forms of the compound verb: thus ἐγὼ πάρα (for πάρειμι) I am here. PROCLITICS. 111. A few words of one syllable attach themselves so closely to a following word as not to have a separate accent. They are called proclitics (leaning forward). They are: a. The forms ó, n, oi, ai of the article the. b. The prepositions év in, eis (or ès) into, è§ (èk) from. 112. Proclitics sometimes take an accent, thus: a. où at the end of a sentence: Þýs̟, î ov; sayest thou so or not? Also ov no. b. os and the prepositions when placed after the words to which they belong: as kakŵv ë§ (Hm.) out of evils, beòs ås (Hm.) as a god. c. When the following word is an enclitic (115 c). 109 D. In Hm. prepositions suffer anastrophe when placed after verbs, to which they belong in composition: ὀλέσᾶς ἄπo for ἀπολέσᾶς. 110 D. b. Hm. has even ἔνι for ἔνεισι. |