lowed even in the earlier portions of the Grammar; except, indeed, in the first part (Orthography and Euphony), where it could hardly be carried out with convenience: but in the second and third parts, which treat of Inflection and Formation, the Greek words introduced are accompanied regularly by a statement of their signification. This course has been adopted, partly from the feeling that a student cannot fairly be expected to take much interest in words that have no meaning to his mind; and partly in the belief that it is possible for a student, in this way, as he goes through his grammar, to acquire, with little trouble, a useful vocabulary of Greek expression.

In preparing this division of the work, I have made frequent use of the Syntax der Griechischen Sprache (Braunschweig, 1846), by Professor J. N. Madvig of Copenhagen. But my obligations are much greater-not for the Syntax only, but for almost every part of the book-to K. W. Krüger, whose Greek Grammar (like that of Buttmann before it) marks a new epoch in the scientific treatment of its subject. Important aid has been received also from the school-grammars of Buttmann and Kühner, which are familiar to American students in the skilful translations of Dr. Robinson and Dr. Taylor. Nor must I omit to acknowledge myself indebted, for many valuable suggestions, to the excellent grammars produced in our own country by Professor Sophocles and Professor Crosby.

In the appended chapter on Versification, I have relied, partly on Munk's Metres of the Greeks and Romans (translated by Professors Beck and Felton, Cambridge, 1844), but still more on the able treatises of Rossbach and Westphal (Griechische Rhythmik, Leipzig, 1854; and Griechische Metrik, Leipzig, 1856).

PREFACE

TO THE REVISED EDITION.

THE Greek Grammar of Professor Hadley-the foundation of the present work-appeared in 1860; and has been in use, unchanged in any way, since that time. Professor Hadley died on the fourteenth of November, 1872, at the age of fifty-one. The leading features of his work, and its relation to Curtius's Griechische Schulgrammatik, are set forth in the foregoing reprint of his own preface. It remains for the reviser to state, so far as may be done in a few words, what his work has been, and how the new book differs from the old

one.

In the first place, it seemed an urgent reform that the quantity of a, ɩ, and v should be uniformly and systematically indicated to the eye. Accordingly, ā, ī, u have been everywhere printed where these vowels are long; so that the unmarked a, i, v are understood to be short. This notation, now generally adopted in elementary Latin books, is equally important in Greek.

The general plan of the work and the arrangement of its divisions remain unchanged; the most important transposition is that of the chapter on Adjectives and Adverbs (§§ 640-653, new grammar) and that on Pronouns (§§ 677-705); these formerly stood after Cases. The parts least changed are perhaps Writing and Sound (Part First), and Declension. Here the paradigms and rules relating to adjectives have been completely (instead of partially) separated from those of substantives, and the adjectives have been rearranged according to their stems. In the substantives, a class of F-stems has been recognized.

Much more altered is the part relating to the structure of the verb. The complicated machinery of tense-signs,' 'mode-signs,' 'voice-signs,' and 'connecting vowels,' has given place to a simpler system of 'tense and mode suffixes,' according to which all that intervenes between 'verb-stem' and personal ending is reckoned as a single element (or in the optative as two elements). This requires

a change in the use of the term stem. The old 'connecting vowel' is now counted a part of the tense-stem: the first aorist tense-stem is no longer λύσ-, but λύσα-; and in like manner λεγο- (not λεγ-) is called the stem of λέγομεν, just as we call λογο- (not λογ-) the stem of λóyo-s. In fact, seemed desirable to restrict the term stem, in conjugation as well as in declension, to that which is ready to receive the inflectional endings. I have, therefore, recognized no 'stems' except tense-stems (and mode-stems); and for the old 'verb-stem'-the element whence the different tense-stems are derived-I have used the term theme. Another necessary innovation is the 'variable vowel' and its sign, e. This sign may be read 'omicron or epsilon,' or 'ŏ or ĕ'; but λve- should be read 'λvo- or λūe-'.

Of the nine classes of verbs, two have disappeared: the 'e-class' is made a subdivision of Class I, and the 'reduplicated class' distributed among the other classes. On the other hand, a new 'root class' has been added, comprising the μ-verbs, which could no longer form a part of Class I. It will be observed, moreover, that the μform of inflection has received a new treatment: its main peculiarities are enumerated in § 385, in immediate contrast to the ordinary form; and details of the present and second aorist μ-forms are given under those tenses respectively. The inflection of the irregular μ-verbs is given by itself in full, and four regular ones have been added to the synopses, §§ 349-352.

The paradigms have been pruned here and there in the interest of a stricter Atticism. For instance, -7 in the second person singular middle has been dropped, and forms like τιμφημεν, δύοιμι, ἑσταίημεν, ἐδίδων, δίδου (imperative middle), have disappeared. So λυόντων, λυέσθων, have taken precedence of λυέτωσαν, λυέσθωσαν; λύσειας, λύσειε οἱ λύσαις, λύσαι; the pluperfect in -en of that in -κειν; λυθεῖ μεν, διδοῖμεν οἱ λυθείημεν, διδοίημεν ; φιλοίην of φιλοῖμι. The perfect active imperative has been relegated to a note, and so has the optative form λελυκοίην ; the noun ἀνώγεων has been discarded as non-existent. In the dual feminine of pronouns, rá, táde, roúrw have taken the place of ra, Táde, Taúтā. So the rules for augment of diphthongs (357) and of the pluperfect (358) have been restated in accordance with the now established Attic usage. I might have drawn the lines still closer in these matters; but the maker of a school-grammar is hampered by the necessity of having some regard to the current Greek texts.

The Classified Verb-List has been revised with the aid of Veitch's

Greek Verbs, and the forms of Attic prose and poetry distinguished by means of two kinds of type. The Alphabetical Verb-List, which was formerly a mere index to the other, has been amplified so as to serve some purposes independently, and has been placed at the end of the book instead of the middle.

The greatest changes are in the Syntax: here a good deal is substantially rewritten. This is particularly true of the Syntax of the Modes. And here I owe very especial thanks to Professor Goodwin for cordial permission to adopt some important features of his works: especially the distinction of general and particular conditions, and the application of the categories of conditions to conditional relative clauses. The arrangement of final clauses also follows closely Professor Goodwin's.

The introductory part of the Syntax as far as § 639, is entirely recast and rearranged. There is less that is new in the syntax of Cases, and of the Infinitive and Participle; yet even here much is altered. The prepositions I have arranged in alphabetical order. In all parts of the Syntax I have striven to bring into greater prominence what is important and peculiar to Greek, and to separate it more thoroughly from what is unimportant or self-evident.

Professor Hadley, as he explains in his preface, did not think it necessary to give the sources of the Greek examples used in illustrating the syntax. In the new edition, on the other hand, I have followed the plan of giving exact citations for these. The old examples have been very generally employed, yet in numerous instances others have been substituted or added.

The chapter on Word Formation has been somewhat enlarged, but is otherwise not much changed. The same is true of the Versification; only here I have stated the modern theories more boldly than Professor Hadley had ventured to do, and have modified the system of notation.

So much about the separate parts of the work. Throughout the whole the lesser changes, in wording, arrangement, and so on, and the minor additions and omissions, are numerous. Many good hints as to conciser forms of expression were derived from Professor Hadley's smaller work, The Elements of Greek Grammar (1869).

A word respecting explanations of the origin of inflectional forms. I hope no one will suppose that this book professes to embody the latest results of comparative grammar. Those results are at present partly in a very chaotic condition, partly very ill suited to be set a*

before a learner. Much that in Professor Hadley's time was thought certain has been entirely upset or become very doubtful, and in many cases nothing positive has taken its place. All that can be demanded of a school-grammar in this respect is that its classifications and analyses shall not be seriously at variance with well-established facts of genesis. I have occasionally gone a trifle further than Professor Hadley in these historical statements; but oftener, I think, have retrenched or modified explanations which he gave, and have been entirely content to leave much unexplained. And I have put this matter, so far as possible, in separate paragraphs and in the smallest type.

I am under obligations to so many friends for help that I cannot name them all, but must content myself with mentioning those who have done me the most service. My colleagues, Professors Lane and Lanman, and my friend Dr. Robert Keep, of Williston Seminary, have been ever ready with advice and useful suggestions. Professor W. G. Frost, of Oberlin, sent me some good hints about syntax; Professor T. D. Seymour and Dr. H. M. Clarke gave me valuable assistance in revising the verb-list, and Dr. Clarke also in finding examples. The two general indices are in great part the work of Dr. F. B. Goddard and Dr. A. W. Roberts. Besides these, I must thank all whom I have consulted, by letter or personally, on various points, or who have written me of their own accord.

July, 1884.

F. D. A.