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over the gate of the bazar, or market, near the ruin of the Prytaneum 1, is the inscription of one erected a year or two before that of Thrasyllus; and at the catholicon, or cathedral, is the inscription of one more early than that of Lysicrates by ten years. Another inscription, which we did not see, is published by Spon, and refers to the first year of the 113th Olympiad. Themistocles and Aristides dedicated tripods with similar inscriptions, cited, but imperfectly, by Plutarch. These were in Attic characters. The choragic monument of Aristides, with the inscription and tripods, remained when Plutarch wrote; as did also that of the famous Nicias. Another belonged to Lysias, who, in an oration still extant, relates, that when Glaucippus was archon, he provided a chorus of men for the Dionysia, and gained the victory; and that he expended on the chorus and the consecration of his tripod the sum of five thousand drachms, which has been computed at 2087. 6s. 8d. sterling1.

The Dionysium, or ancient temple of Bacchus, is often styled the temple in Limnis, that portion of the city being so named. It was kept shut, like the church now on or near its site, except at the Dionysia, or festival of the deity, which was celebrated yearly in the month Anthesterion, or February. The sacred rites were then performed by women, and the queen, the wife of the archon called the king, sacrificed for the city.

It has been already remarked, that Pausanias appears to have passed from the theatre of Bacchus m

h Prytaneum] Stoa. R.

Before Christ 408.

in theatre of Bacchus] Odeum.

i Before Christ 426.

1 Ruins of Athens, p. 30.

R.

to the front of the Acropolis, by a way leading behind the Odeum" and the portico adjoining to it. The temple of Venus, standing by the Agora, was probably lower down than the other temples. That of Ceres was an elegant edifice, as may be collected from a piece of architrave, with an inscription, which once ranged in the front, and recorded the name of the person by whom it was dedicated; now fixed in the castle-wall, within the gate at which the Turkish guard is stationed.

Among the other articles which Pausanias saw in the Acropolis, was, it is probable, the temple or edifice sacred to Pandion, father of Erechtheus, in which the inscribed marble, mentioned as having rolled down from the Acropolis, was once placed. One statue of him was among those of the Eponymi, or heroes, from whom the tribes had been named; and another, worthy notice, was in the Acropolis; probably in this building, which may be supposed to have stood near the eastern extremity of the rock. A temple likewise was then extant, inscribed, "The People. To the goddess Rome and to Augustus "Cæsar. Pammenes, son of Xeno of Marathon, the

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priest of the goddess Rome and of Augustus the "saviour, in the Acropolis, being strategus, or gene"ral of the city. A daughter of Asclepiades of "Alæ being priestess of Minerva Polias, the most mighty. In the archonship of Areus, son of Morio,

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n

Odeum] theatre of Bacchus. R.

• Some for Toλitas read inλitas. See the inscription in Fabricii Roma; Gruter, p. cv. ix. and in Corsini Fast. Att. tom. i. p. 42. This learned chronologer places Areus in the year U. C. 727. or in the following, tom. iv. p. 140. but see Chishull, Antiq. Asiat. p. 205. 207.

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a Pæanian.” The year in which this person was archon is not ascertained, but it coincides with the building of the temple, which was posterior to the year of Rome seven hundred and forty-one. The inscription was copied, before Mahomet the Second got possession of Athens, from the vestibule of a temple in the Acropolis, then a church dedicated to the Panagia, or Virgin Mary..

Pausanias, after mentioning Enneacrunus as the only fountain at Athens, has yet recorded two more; one in the temple of Esculapius, the other below the Propylea. Both these, it is likely, were unserviceable, except for certain ablutions and purifications. The water of the latter is now conveyed to the principal mosque in the town for such uses P. It may be conjectured, that the fountain stood anciently higher up toward the cave of Pan; and that the current, since intercepted, was continued into the temple of Esculapius. There it disappeared; but emerged again, after running twenty stadia, or two miles and a half, underground toward Phalerum. It was first named Empedo, and then Clepsydra.

We have before remarked, that a writer, who lived under the two emperors named Theodosius, has mentioned the Areopagus as no longer a court of judicature. The first instance of a trial for murder there was said to have been furnished by a crime, which Halirrhotius, a son of Neptune, committed in the temple of Esculapius, and which provoked Mars to kill him. Most of the other magistracies were likewise extinct; and in particular, the tribunal called Delphinian, the Heliæan, which was near the

P Vid. Ruins of Athens, p. 15.

Agora, the council of Five Hundred, and the Eleven ; with the Polemarch, the Thesmothetæ, and the annual Archon..

The procession at the greater Panathenæa attended a peplus or garment, designed as an offering to Minerva Polias in the Acropolis. This was woven by select virgins in various colours representing Minerva and Jupiter engaged with the Titans, and the exploits of Athenian heroes. It was extended as a sail to the vessel, which was moved by machinery. The procession formed in the Ceramicus without the city, and entering at Dipylon, passed between the porticoes and through the Agora; crossed the Ilissus, and going round the Eleusinium, returned by the Pelasgicon and the temple of Apollo Pythius, to the station of the vessel near the Areopagus; from whence, it may be inferred, the offering was carried by men up to the temple, the ascent to the Propylea being long and steep. Harmodius and Aristogiton concealed each a poniard in a myrtle-bough, and waited to assassinate the tyrants, who regulated this solemnity, in the Ceramicus without the city; but, fearing they were betrayed, rushed in at Dipylon, and slew Hipparchus by the Leocorium, or monument of the daughters of Leo, one of the Eponymi, which was in the middle of the inner Ceramicus. Demetrius, a descendant of the Phalerean, that his mistress Aristagora, a courtesan of Corinth, might enjoy the spectacle, erected for her a stage against the Mercuries.

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CHAP. XXI.

OMISSIONS IN PAUSANIAS-THE TOWER OF THE WINDSDANCE OF THE DERVISHES-A DORIC PORTAL; SUPPOSED THE ENTRANCE OF AN AGORA-THE ATHENIANS GIVEN TO FLATTERY-PAUSANIAS ILLUSTRATED.

WE have now completed the proposed survey of ancient Athens; but two structures yet remain, either omitted or mentioned inexplicitly by Pausanias. One is the tower of the Winds or of Andronicus Cyrrhestes, which was in or near the street called the Tripods, and bearing some resemblance to the choragic monuments, was perhaps overlooked by the author. The other is a Doric portal, situated at the foot of the hill of the Acropolis, and once, it is likely, belonging to that Agora, from which the Gymnasium of Ptolemy was but a little distant. Besides these the Pnyx is unnoticed.

The tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes is a small edifice of marble, an octagon, decorated with sculpture representing the winds, eight in number; and has supported a Triton, which turned as a weathercock, and pointed with a wand to the wind then blowing. On the sides were sundials to shew the hour of the day. It is mentioned by Varro and Vitruvius, and accurately published in The Ruins of Athens. A young Turk explained to me two of the emblems; that of the figure of Cacias, as signifying that he made the olives fall; of Sciron, that he dried up the rivers.

I

The tower of the Winds is now a teckeh, or place of worship belonging to a college of dervishes. was present, with my companions, at a religious

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