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In estimating the capacity of cisterns, reservoirs, etc.

31 Gal. = 1 Barrel . . bbl. 63 Gal. = 1 Hogshead. hhd.

hhd. bbl. gal. qt. pt. 1=2=63 = 252 504 1 = 31}= 126 = 252

1. The barrel and hogshead are not fixed measures, but vary when used for commercial purposes.

2. The tierce, hogshead, pipe, butt, and tun are the names of casks, and do not express any fixed measures. They are usually gauged, and have their capacities in gallons marked on them.

357. Apothecaries' Fluid Measure is used in prescribing and in compounding liquid medicines.

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1. Cong., for congius, is the Latin for gallon; O., for octarius, is

the Latin for one-eighth.

The minim is equivalent to a drop of water. A pint of water weighs a pound.

Drops are indicated in a physician's prescription by gtt.

The symbols, as in Apothecaries' Weight, precede the numbers to which they refer; thus, 0. 3 ƒ3 6, is 3 pints 6 fluid ounces.

DRY MEASURE.

358. Dry Measure is used in measuring dry articles, such as grain, fruit, roots, salt, etc.

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For Notes and Applications, see "Measurements" (482).

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359. 1. How many gills in 3 pints? In 2 qt. 1 pt.? 2. How many pints in 1 gal.? In 1 gal. 2 qt. 1 pt.? 3. In 36 pints, how many quarts? How many gallons? 4. What part of a quart are 6 gi.? What part of a gallon? 5. What part of 2 gal. are 4 pints? Are 8 pt.? 2 qt.? 6. How many gills in of a quart? In of a gallon? 7. How many pints in 64 gills? How many quarts? Gallons?

8. How many fluidrachms in 5 fluidounces?

9. How many pint bottles will be required to hold 3 gal. 1 qt. of syrup? 2 gal. 3 qt.?

10. At 5 cents a pint, what will 2 gal. of milk cost? 11. If 10 gal. 2 qt. are drawn from a barrel of vinegar, how many gallons remain ?

12. If a gallon of wine cost $6, what will 3 pt. cost? 13. How many barrels can be filled from 20 hogsheads? 14. At 20 cents a quart, how many gallons of molasses will $4 buy? $6? $5.60?

15. How many pints in 6 quarts? In 2 pk. 1 qt.? 16. How many quarts in 3 pk. 6 qt. ? In 1 bu. 2 pk.? 17. In 96 qt., how many pecks? How many bushels? 18. What part of 5 bu. are 5 pk. ? Of 1 bu. are 12 qt.? 19. How many quart boxes will 1 bu. 2 pk. 6 qt. fill? 20. At 20 cents a quart, what will 21. At 5 cts. a pt., what is a bushel of chestnuts worth? 22. At $3.20 a bushel, how many quarts of peanuts can be bought for $2?

bu. of plums cost?

23. Bought bu. of chestnuts for $14, and sold them for 8 cents a pint? What was the gain?

MEASURES OF WEIGHT.

360. Weight, on the earth, is the measure of gravity, and varies according to the quantity of matter a body contains.

361. The Standard Unit of weight is the Troy pound of the Mint, and contains 5760 grains.

TROY WEIGHT.

362. Troy Weight is used in weighing gold, silver, and jewels, and in philosophical experiments.

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24 Grains (gr.) = 1 Pennyweight. put. 1 = 12 240 = 5760 20 Penny weights 1 Ounce

12 Ounces

=

•=1 Pound

02.

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1= 20 =
1=

480

24

A Carat is a weight of about 3.2 Troy grains, and is used to weigh diamonds and precious stones.

The term carat is also used to express the fineness of gold, and means a twenty-fourth part. Thus, gold is said to be 18 carats fine, when it contains 18 parts of pure gold, and 6 parts of alloy, or baser metal.

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.

363. Apothecaries' Weight is used by physicians and apothecaries in prescribing and mixing dry medicines.

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1. Medicines are bought and sold by Avoirdupois Weight.

2. The pound, ounce, and grain are the same as those of Troy Weight, the ounce being differently divided.

3. Physicians write prescriptions according to the Roman notation, using small letters, preceded by the symbols, writing j for i, when it terminates a number. Thus, 6 ounces is written, 3 vj;

8 dr., 3 viij; 14 sc.,

xiv., etc.

4. Bis an abbreviation for recipe, or take; ā, aa., for equal quantities; ij. for 2; ss. for semi, or half; gr. for grain; P. for particula, or little part; P. æq. for equal parts; q. p., as much as you please.

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

364. Avoirdupois Weight is used for weighing all coarse and heavy articles.

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1. The Ounce is often divided into halves, quarters, etc.

1= 16

2. The long, or gross ton, hundred-weight, and quarter were formerly in common use; but they are now seldom used, except in estimating duties at the U. S. Custom Houses, and in weighing a few of the coarser articles, such as coal at the mines, etc.

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3. Both custom and the law of most of the States make 100 pounds

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366. The weight of the bushel of certain grains and roots has been fixed by statute in many of the States; and these statute weights must govern in buying and selling, unless specific agreements to the contrary are made.

TABLE OF AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS IN A BUSHEL,
As prescribed by statute in the several States named.

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1. In Pennsylvania 80 lb. coarse, 70 lb. ground, or 62 lb. fine salt make 1 bushel; and in Illinois, 50 lb. common, or 55 lb. fine salt make 1 bushel.

2. In Maine 64 lb. of ruta-baga turnips, or of beets make 1 bushel.

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