FRENCH MONEY.

408. French Money is the legal money of France

and is a decimal currency.

409. The Unit of French Money is the Silver Franc.

The value of a franc in U. S. money of account is $.193.

410. The Coin of France consists of gold, silver, and bronze. 411. Gold. The 100, 40, 20, 10, and 5 franc pieces.

412. Silver. The 5, 2, and 1 franc, the 50 and the 25 centime pieces.

413. Bronze. The 10, 5, 2, and 1 centime pieces.

GERMAN MONEY.

414. The Empire of Germany has adopted a new and uniform system of coinage.

415. The Unit is the "Mark" (Reichsmark), equal to 23.85 cents, U. S. Money.

A pound of gold .900 fine is divided into 139 pieces, and the part of this gold coin is called a "Mark," and this is subdivided into 100 pennies (Pfennige).

416. The Coin of the New Empire consists of gold, silver, and nickel, and is as follows:

417. Gold. The 20, the 10, and the 5-mark pieces.

418. Silver. The 2, and the 1-mark, and the 20-penny pieces. 419. Nickel. The 10, and the 5-penny, and pieces of less valuation.

The 10-mark piece (gold) is equal to 3 P. Thalers (old).
The 1-mark (silver) is equal to 10 S. Groschen, or 100 pennies.
The 20-penny (silver) is equal to 2 S. Groschen, or of a mark.
The 10-penny (nickel) is equal to 1 S. Groschen, or of a mark.

420.

SYNOPSIS FOR REVIEW.

1. DEFINITION OF TIME.

2. STANDARD UNIT. 3. TABLE.

4. RULE FOR LEAP YEAR, I, II.

1. FOR WHAT USED.

2. STANDARD UNIT.

3. DEFS.

1. Circle. 2. Circumference. 3. Arc. 4. Right Angle. 5. Degree.

4. MEASURE OF AN ANGLE. 5. TABLE.

REDUCTION.

421. Reduction of Denominate Numbers is the process of changing their denomination without altering their value.

422. Denominate numbers may be changed from higher to lower denominations, or from lower to higher denominations.

423. To reduce denominate numbers from higher to lower denominations.

1. How many inches in 3 ft.? In 5 ft.? In 4 ft. 10 in.? 2. How many feet in 5 yd. 2 ft.? In 1 rd. 10 ft.? 3. Reduce 12 fath. 4 ft. to feet. 15 hands to inches. 4. How many quarters in 3 yd.? How many eighths? 5. How many chains in 14 mi.? How many rods? 6. In 3 sq. yd., how many sq. ft.? In 7 sq. yd. 5 sq. ft.? 7. In 10 A., how many sq. ch.? How many sq. rd.? 8. Change 3 cu. yd. to cu. ft. 3 cd. ft. to cubic feet.

9. Change 4 cords to cord feet. 2 perch to cubic feet.

10. How many quarts in 2 gal. 3 qt.?

In 5 gal.? Quarts? Pints? 12. In 2 pints, how many fluidounces? Fluidrachms? 13. How many pints in 3 pk.? In 2 pk. 6 qt.? 14. How many half-pecks in 14 bu.?

11. In 4 bu. 1 pk., how many pecks?

15. In 5 lb. Troy, how many ounces?

In 3 bu.?

In 5 lb. Avoir.? 16. How many pounds in 5 cwt. 20 lb.? In 4 cwt.? 17. In 5 dr., how many scruples? How many grainɛ? 18. In 2 bu. 20 lb. of wheat, how many pounds?

19. How many minutes in 5 hr. 40 min.? In 4 hr. ? 20. In a sign, how many degrees? Geographic miles ? 21. In 10 gross 9 doz., how many dozen? In 7 gro.? 22. In 2 reams of paper how many quires? Sheets?

23. In £5 10s., how many shillings? In 3 sov.? 24. In 5 francs how many centimes? In 10 francs? 25. How many pence in 14 crowns? In 12 florins? 26. How many crowns in £5? How many florins? 27. How many pennies in 3 marks? In 5 marks?

424. PRINCIPLE.-Denominate Numbers are changed to lower denominations by MULTIPLICATION.

WRITTEN EXERCISES.

425. 1. Reduce 28 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. 10 in. to inches.

OPERATION.

ANALYSIS. Since 1 rod equals

28 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. 10 in. 5 yards, 28 rd. 4 yd. equal 28 times 5 yd., us 4 yd.;

51/

5 yd. × 28+ 4 yd. 158 yd., the number of yards in 28 rd. 4 yd.

Since 1 yard equals 3 feet, 158 yd. 2 ft. equal 158 times 3 ft., plus 2 ft. ; 3 ft. x 158 +2 ft. 476 ft., the number of feet in 28 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft.

Since 1 foot equals 12 inches, 476 ft. 10 in. equal 476 times 12 in., plus 10 in.; 12 in. × 476 + 10 in. =5722 in., the number of inches in 28 rd. 4 yd. 2 ft. 10 in.

2. Reduce 7 lb. 10 oz. 16 pwt. 11 gr. to grains.
3. In 3 T. 6 cwt. 21 lb. 12 oz., how many ounces?
4. How many inches in 12 fathoms 3 ft. 10 in. ?
5. Change 6 wk. 5 da. 9 hr. 25 min. to minutes.

RULE.-I. Multiply the units of the highest denomination of the given number, by that number of the scale that will reduce it to the next lower denomination, and to the product add the number of that denomination given.

II. Proceed in like manner with this and each successive denomination obtained, until the number is reduced to the required denomination.

Reduce

6. 12 mi. 36 rd. 10 ft. to ft. 7. 10 rd. 5 ft. to inches. 8. 274 yd. to eighths. 9. 1 A. 15 sq. yd. to sq. ft. 10. 2 sq. mi. 125 A. to P. 11. 14 sq. mi. to acres 12. 3 mi. 51 ch. 6 1. to links. 13. 75 Cd. 6 cd. ft. to cu. ft. 14. 12 hhd. 21 gal. to pt. 15. 24 bu. 3 pk. to quarts. 16. Cong. 4, 0.5, f 3 8 to f 3. 17. 31 gal. to gills.

Change

18. 7 T. 9 cwt. 18 lb. to lb.
19. 22 lb. 10 oz. to pwt.
20. Hb 16, 37, 33, to D.
21. 1 common year to min.
22. The summer mos. to sec.
23. 1 leap year to hours.
24. 10 S. 22° 5′ to min.
25. 5 bundles to quires.
26. 6 G. gro. to dozens.
27. 326 sov. to pence.
28. 264 fr. to centimes.
29. £34 to pence.

30. How much is 5 lb. 9 oz. 14 pwt. of gold dust worth, at $.75 a pwt.?

31. How many rods of fence will enclose a farm of a mile square?

32. If 1 barrel will hold 2 bu. 3 pk., how many barrels will be required to hold 1548 bu. 1 pk. ?

33. How many boxes, each containing 12 lb., can be filled from a hogshead containing 9 cwt. 60 lb. of sugar?

34. If I buy 9 bu. of chestnuts at $4 a bushel, and retail them at 12 cents a pint, what is my whole gain?