174. Quienquiera, quienesquiera, composed of the relative quten, quienes, and quiera, the subjunctive of the verb querer, designates persons only, and that in an absolute sense:

Quienquiera que fuese.

Whoever he might be.

175. Quien, followed by the subjunctive, frequently has a meaning similar to quienquiera, in the sense of any one who:

Lo ofrezco á quien desee recibirlo. I offer it to any one who may be willing to receive it.

176. Cualquiera, cualesquiera, is both an adjective and a substantive, referring to persons or things:

Cualquier hombre.

Cualquiera de los relojes.

Any man.

Whichever of the clocks.

177. Cualquiera with que and the subjunctive always means whichever, whatever:

Tome V. cualquiera que le guste. Take whatever one you may like. 178. Tal, tales, refers to persons or things:

Tal persona, tal sujeto.

Such a person, such a fellow.

179. Todo-a, todos-as, is used as a substantive, an adjective, or an indefinite pronoun.

a. As a substantive it refers to persons or things, and varies for gender and number:

Todo se dejó.

Todos están en casa.

All was left.

All are at home.

b. When used as an adjective todo is usually followed by some determinative word:

Todo el año, todo el camino.

Todo americano.

Todos los alemanes.

All day, all the way.

Every American.

All the Germans.

c. Todo is used as an indefinite

quiera cosa, anything whatever :

pronoun in the sense of cual

V. me hallará dispuesto para You will find me ready for anytodo.

thing.

180. Uno-a, unos-as, is used as an adjective, a substantive, or an indefinite pronoun:

Uno puede ver que es la verdad.

Son unos extranjeros.

De una ocasión á otra.

One can see that it is the truth.

They are (some) strangers.
From one occasion to another.

181. Varios-as, is a substantive or adjective:

Varias personas.

He visto á varios.

Several persons.

I have seen several.

THE VERB

182. Before considering the conjugation of verbs in general, it is well to take up the four auxiliary verbs, haber, to have; ser, to be; estar, to be; and tener,' to have.

Irregular conjugations are indicated by heavy type.

183. The auxiliaries are thus conjugated:

The verb tener, to have, to possess, is not an auxiliary in the English sense of the word; but it is so considered by Spanish grammarians, and therefore it is here presented in the list of the auxiliaries.

184. Haber is little used as a principal verb. The English active verb to have is rendered by tener, to possess, to have, haber being employed as an auxiliary:

He tenido una pluma.

Tengo un libro.

I have had a pen.

I have a book.

185. Haber does duty as a principal verb in two cases.

a. To express an obligation, haber is used with the preposition de or the conjunction que:

He de ir.

Hubo que gastar mucho dinero.

I have to go.

It was necessary to spend much

money.

b. Haber is employed as an impersonal verb in the sense of there to be, in which case only the third person singular is used for both numbers. It is thus conjugated:

INFINITIVE.

PRESENT PARTICIPLE.

PAST PARTICIPLE.

Haber, there-to be. Habiendo, there being. Habido, there been.

The compound tenses are formed by the use of the simple tenses with habido, the past participle.

The imperative is supplied by the subjunctive mode.

Illustrations:

¿Hay cartas?

No hubo ningunas.

Are there any letters (epistles)?

There were nonę (no letters).

A survival of haber is seen in the particle he of the exclamatory phrase he aquí! behold!

186. The past participle with haber is not variable:

He tenido.
Hemos sido.

I have had.
We have been.

187. Both ser and estar mean to be, expressing an essential or conditional, permanent or transitory state of existence. There is a distinction in their use, however, which is according to the following rules:

a. Ser expresses what is essential and inherent, permanent and absolute :

b. Estar denotes what is accidental, transitory, or designates a

situation or a state:

Estoy en Madrid.

La ventana está abierta.

I am in Madrid.

The window is open.