e. Affirmative and negative adverbs: Sí, eso sí, justo, claro. Por supuesto, por cierto. No, eso no, nada, tampoco. f. Adverbs expressive of doubt Acaso, tal vez or quizás, apenas. Probablemente, difícilmente. 283. The Spanish language such as the following: Á más no poder, with all one's Á más tardar, at the latest. Cuanto antes, as soon as possible. De vez en cuando, } now and then. De hito en hito, through and through. Yes, indeed so, straitly, clearly. Undoubtedly. No, not that, not at all, no, nor. Never, never (intensive). or possibility: Perchance, perhaps, scarcely. Probably, difficulty. contains many adverbial phrases, En alguna parte, somewhere. Hoy día, at the present day. 284. Adverbial phrases may be constructed by the combination of con, with, and an appropriate noun, to take the place of adverbs in -mente. Honestamente, con honestidad. Honestly, or with honesty. PECULIAR USE OF CERTAIN ADVERBS 285. Certain adverbs may be employed after nouns in a sense similar to the English use of prepositions, to express up, down, out, in, before, after, etc.: Escalera arriba, upstairs. Escalera abajo, downstairs. Mar afuera, seaward. Camino adelante, onward. 286. Aquí, ahí, and alli are used with verbs indicating rest, or location, in the same relation to each other as the demonstratives este, ese, and aquel. (See Section 133.) With verbs of motion they assume the forms acá, ahí, allá : Aquí están, acá vienen. Ahí están, ahí van. Allí están, allá iban. Here they are, here they come. There they are, there they go. There they are yonder, they were going there. 287. Por aquí, hereabouts, meaning in the location of the speaker, and por ahí, thereabouts, in a location more remote from the speaker, are used in an indefinite sense, as when one does not wish to declare where a person or thing is: ¿Dónde está Carlos? Está por ahí. Where is Charles? He is around there somewhere. 288. Donde, where, becomes more specific by connecting it with the prepositions á, to; en, in; de, from; and por, through, and is used either as an interrogative or a relative. When used as an interrogative adverb it must always bear the graphic accent: ¿Dónde vive V.? ¿De dónde han venido Vds.? Por dónde camina V.? La casa en donde reside. El estado por donde pasa el río. Where do you live? Where are they carrying him? Where have you come from? (plural). By which road do you travel? The house where he resides. passes. 289. Since and ago may not be expressed by temporal adverbs, but by the third person singular of hacer and haber, in certain tenses : Hace cinco años, cinco años ha. Hace mucho tiempo, mucho tiempo ha. Five years ago. A long time ago. 290. Mismo may be placed after adverbs of time and location to make them more pointed: Hoy mismo, aquí mismo. This very day, this very place. 291. Muy, very, very much, as has already been said, qualifies adjectives, adverbs, and adverbial phrases in the positive degree: Muy fiel, muy grande. Muy odiado, muy gozosamente. 292. In the same way, mucho, Very faithful, very large. Very much hated, very joyfully. much, and muchísimo, very much, qualify adjectives, adverbs, and adverbial phrases in the comparative degree: Mucho más sabio. Mucho mejor, mucho peor. Much wiser. Much better, much worse. 293. Muy, very, may never stand alone without an adjective or an adverb, but in such cases must be replaced by mucho, with the same meaning: ¿Es bueno? sí, mucho. Is it good yes, very. 294. Sí, with the graphic accent, means yes, and without it it means if. When it means yes, it may be strengthened by the addition of tal or que, or by the repetition of the verb: 295. After verbs of thinking, declaring, believing, hearing, and suspecting, sí and no are preceded by que, and are to be translated yes or so, and not: Creo que sí, que no. I think so, I think not. 296. Negation is effected by no, not, standing before the verb, or with the nominative pronoun, the verb being understood; by ni, neither, nor, by nunca or jamás, or nunca jamás (emphatic), never; nada, nothing, not anything. As has been said (Section 165), the Spanish language usually requires two negatives, one before and one after the verb; but if jamás, nada, or nunca stands before the verb, another negative is not needed: No veo, & no veo yo? No poseo nada, nada poseo. Lo haré nunca jamás. I do not see, do I not see? I possess nothing. I have never punished her. I shall never do it (emphatic). 297. Tampoco, nor-either, no, at the beginning of a sentence may be employed without a negative, or may be used with no at the close of a negative sentence: Ni ellos tampoco. Tampoco me gustan. Nor they either. Nor do they please me. 298. Ya, which means now, already, when used without a negative, becomes no longer, not any longer, with a negative: Ya vienen, ya lo hizo. They are coming now, he has already done it. 299. Again may be translated into Spanish by the use of the verb volver, followed by the preposition á: Vuelve á leer este libro. He is reading this book again. 300. Just, in the phrase to have just, is rendered by the verbal phrase acabar de, acabar meaning to finish : Acabo de entrar. I have just entered. COMPARISON OF ADVERBS 301. Adverbs have the three degrees of comparison, positive, comparative, and superlative, without variation for gender or num 303 The superlative absolute may be constructed by the employment of muy, bien, very; bastante, harto, quite, sufficiently; sumamente, exceedingly, etc. Muy lejos, bien claro. Very far, very clearly. 304. Comparison is effected by the use of the adverbs: a. Of equality: tan-como, as; no—menos-que, not—less— than: Él lo sabe tan bien como V. Él no espera con menos ansiedad que su amigo. He knows it as well as you. He does not wait with less anxiety than his friend. b. Tanto como, or tanto cuanto, as much as, and no-menos que, not-less than: Ejerce tanto como, or tanto cuan- He exercises as much as his to su hermano. brother. c. Superiority is expressed by más—que, more than ; mejor que, better than : Viaja más lejos que el sastre. He travels farther than the tailor. Is it true that I do not understand better than you? d. Inferiority is expressed by menos-que, less-than; no-tan -como, no-so-as, no-tanto como, or no-tanto cuanto, peor que: No escribe tan corrientemente He does not write as rapidly as como el maestro. his teacher. No me da tanto cuanto pueda He does not give me as much as I can eat. comer. |
