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GRAND JURY,

criminal accusations by, 309.

presentments by, are privileged, 442 n.

GRANTS,

are contracts, and inviolable, 274.

by States, cannot be resumed, 274, 275, n.

of franchises, strict construction of, 195, 394-396.
when they constitute contracts, 279.

to municipal bodies, may be recalled, 276.

GREAT BRITAIN,

how it became a constitutional government, 3, n., 50, n.
power of Parliament to change constitution, 3.
meaning of unconstitutional law in, 4.

control over American colonies, 5, 23-25.
statutes of, how far in force in America, 23, 24.
bill of rights of, 23, 257.

habeas corpus act of, 23, 344.
local self-government in, 189.
declaration of rights of, 257.

bills of attainder in, 260, 261.

money bills to originate in the Commons, 132, n.
emancipation of slaves in, 295-299.

prosecutions for libel in, 427, 460-462.

GUARDIANS,

(See PARLIAMENT.)

special statutes authorizing sales by, 97–106.

propriety of judicial action in such cases, 97.

control of ward by, 340.

appointment of, in divorce suits, 405.

authority of, is local, 405, n.

GUNPOWDER,

police regulations concerning, 595.

H.

HABEAS CORPUS,

writ of, a principal protection to personal liberty, 338, 342.
personal liberty, meaning of, 339.

restraints upon, to prevent or punish crime, &c., 339.
growing out of relation of husband and wife, 339.

of parent and child, 340.

of guardian and ward, 340.

of master and apprentice, 340.

of master and servant, 341.
of teacher and scholar, 341.
of principal and bail, 341.

of creditor and debtor, 341.

insecurity of, formerly, in England, 342, 343.

habeas corpus act, and its purpose, 23, 344.

general provisions of, 344, 345.

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adoption of, in America, 345.

writ of, when to be issued by national courts, 345, 346.

generally to issue from State courts, 346.

return to, where prisoner held under national authority, 347.
cases for, determined by common law, 347.

not to be made a writ of error, 347.
what to be inquired into under, 348.
to obtain custody of children, 348.

HARBOR REGULATIONS,

establishment of, by the States, 585.
wharf lines may be prescribed, 595.

HARDSHIP,

of particular cases not to control the law, 71, 72, n.

unjust provisions not necessarily unconstitutional, 72, 73, 513.
HEARING,

right to, in judicial proceedings, 361, 402-406.
in cases of appropriation of lands, 560–563.
HEALTH,

police regulations for protection of, 584, 595.
draining swamps, &c., in reference to, 510, 589.
HEIRSHIP,

right to modify, 359.

HIGH SEAS,

not subject to exclusive appropriation, 2.

States no authority upon, 128.

HIGHWAYS,

establishment of, under right of eminent domain, 524.

when owner entitled to compensation in such case, 564.

appropriation of, to purposes of turnpike, railroad, &c., whether it
entitles owner to compensation, 545–557.

(See EMINENT DOMAIN.)

regulations of, by States under police power, 588, 594.

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control of husband over wife, 339.

obligation of husband to support wife, 339, n.

right as between, to custody of children, 348.

property rights, how far subject to legislative control, 360, 361.
validating invalid marriage by legislation, 372.

IDEM SONANS,

ballots sufficient in cases of, 608.

I.

IDIOTS,

exclusion of, from suffrage, 599.

special legislative authority for sale of lands of, 97-106, 389.
ILLEGAL CONTRACTS,

have no obligation, 286.

legalization of, 293, 374–377.

for lobby legislative services, 136, and n.
designed to affect elections, 615.

ILLINOIS,

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 110, n.
special legislative sessions, 155, n.

when statutes of, to take effect, 156.

title to bill to express the object, 142, n.

protection of property by law of the land, 352, n.

liberty of speech and the press in, 416.

religious tests forbidden, 469, n.

persons conscientiously opposed to bearing arms excused, 478, n.
IMMUNITIES,

of citizens of the several States, 15, 16, 397.

citizens not to be deprived of, 11.

IMPAIRING CONTRACTS,

IMPEACHMENT,

(See OBLIGATION OF CONTRACTS.)

of judges for declaring law unconstitutional, 160.
IMPLICATION,

amendments by, not favored, 152.
repeals by, 152.

grant of powers by, in State constitutions, 63, 64.
corporations established by, 197.

IMPLIED POWERS,

of municipal corporations, what are, 194-209.
granted by State constitutions, 63, 64.

IMPLIED PROHIBITIONS,

to the States by the national Constitution, 18.
upon legislative power, 164–177.

IMPORTS,

State taxation of, 586, 587.

IMPOSTS,

to be uniform throughout the Union, 10.

what the States may lay, 15.

taxation by, 495.

IMPRESSMENT OF SEAMEN,

not admissible in America, 299.

IMPRISONMENT,

for legislative contempt must terminate with the session, 134.
for debt may be abolished as to existing contracts, 287.
unlimited, cannot be inflicted for common-law offence, 329.
relief from. (See HABEAS CORPUS.)

IMPROVEMENTS,

owner of land cannot be compelled to make, 385, 532.

IMPROVEMENTS, — continued.

betterment laws, 385-389.

local, assessments for the making of, 497-510.
(See ASSESSMENTS.)

INCHOATE RIGHTS,

power of the legislature in regard to, 359–361.
INCIDENTAL INJURIES,

by change in the law, give no claim to compensation, 384.
(See EMINENT DOMAIN.)

INCOMPETENT PERSONS,

legislative authority for sale of lands of, 97–106, 389.
exclusion of, from suffrage, 599.

INCONTINENCE,

accusation of, against female, not actionable, per se, 423, 424.

statutory provisions respecting, 424.

INCORPORATIONS,

charters of private, are contracts, 279.

charters of municipal, are not, 192, 276.

control of, by police regulations, 577–579.

(See CHARTERS; MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.)

INDEBTEDNESS BY STATE,

prohibition of, whether it precludes debts by towns, counties, &c., 217, 218.
INDECENT PUBLICATIONS,

sale of, may be prohibited, 596.

parties not free to make, 422.

INDEMNIFICATION,

of officers of municipal corporation where liability is incurred in supposed
discharge of duty, 209, 210.

power of legislature to compel, 211.

not to be made in case of refusal to perform duty, 212.

INDEMNITY,

for property taken for public use.

(See EMINENT DOMAIN.)

for consequential injuries occasioned by exercise of legal rights, 384.
INDEPENDENCE,

declaration of, by Continental Congress, 6.

new national government established by, 6.

celebration of, at public expense, 211.

of the traverse jury, 320.

of the bar, 334, 335, n., 337, n.

INDIANA,

special statutes licensing sale of lands forbidden, 98, n.

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 110, n.

when laws to take effect without governor's signature, 154, n.

revenue bills to originate in lower house, 132, n.

privileges of members, 134, n.

prohibition of special laws where general can be made applicable,

129, n.

title of acts to express the object, 142.

liberty of the press in, 416, n.

INDIANA, - continued.

religious tests for office forbidden, 469, n.

exemption from bearing arms of persons conscientiously opposed, 478, n.
republication of amended statutes, 151, 152.

INDICTMENT,

criminal accusations to be by, 309.

trial on defective, 272, n., 327.

INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS,

(See CRIMES.)

provisions for protection of, in State constitutions, 35, 36.

in national Constitution, 256-259.

do not owe their origin to constitutions, 36, 37.
English statutes declaratory of, 22, 23, 257.

INELIGIBILITY,

(See PERSONAL LIBERTY.)

of highest candidate, how to affect election, 620.
INFANTS,

excluded from suffrage, 29, 30, 599.

special statutes authorizing sale of lands of, 97-106, 389.
custody of, by parents, 340, 348.

emancipation of, 340.

control of, by masters, guardians, and teachers, 340, 341.
INFERIOR COURTS,

duty of, to pass upon constitutional questions, 162, n.
distinguished from courts of general jurisdiction, 406.
disproving jurisdiction of, 406, 407.

INFORMALITIES,

right to take advantage of, may be taken away by legislation, 370-383.

do not defeat jurisdiction of court, 408.

waiver of, in legal proceedings, 409.

INHABITANT,

meaning of, in election laws, 599, 600.

INITIALS,

to Christian name of candidate, whether sufficient in ballot, 609.

INJUSTICE,

of constitutional provisions, cannot be remedied by the court, 72, 73.

of statutes, does not render them unconstitutional, 164–168.

in taxation, sometimes inevitable, 513.

INNOCENCE,

of accused parties, presumption of, 309–311.

only to be overcome by confession in open court, or verdict, 311.
conclusive presumptions against, 326, n.

INQUISITORIAL TRIALS,

not permitted where the common law prevails, 313.

accused parties not compellable to give evidence against themselves,
313-317.

INSANITY,

defence of, in criminal cases, 309, n.

INSOLVENT LAWS,

right of the States to pass, 293, 294.

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