church of England, George Brown, commissioners. This doctor coma native of England, and a monk ing with the commission to Chester of the Augustine order, whom that on his journey, the mayor of that monarch had created, in the year city, hearing that her majesty was 1535, archbishop of Dublin, be- sending a messenger into Ireland, gan to act with the utmost vigour and he being a churchman, waitin consequence of this change in ed on the doctor, who in discourse the hierarchy. He purged the with the mayor taketh out of a churches of his diocese from su- cloke-bag a leather box, saying perstition in all its various forms, unto him, Here is a commission that pulled down images, destroyed re- shall lash the heretics of Ireland, lics, abolished absurd and idola- calling the Protestants by that ti trous rites; and, by the influence tle. The good woman of the as well as authority he had in house being well affected to the Ireland, caused the king's supre- Protestant religion, and also havmacy to be acknowledged in that ing a brother, named John Ednation. Henry shewed, soon after, monds, of the same, then a citizen that this supremacy was not a in Dublin, was much troubled at vain title; for he banished the the doctor's words; but, watching monks out of that kingdom, con- her convenient time while the fiscated their revenues, and de- mayor took his leave, and the docstroyed their convents. In the tor complimented him down the reign of Edward VI, still farther stairs, she opens the box, takes the progress was made in the removal commission out, and places in lieu of popish superstitions by the zeal-thereof a sheet of paper with a pack ous labours of bishop Brown, and of cards wrapt up therein, the the auspicious encouragement he knave of clubs being faced uppergranted to all who exerted them- most. The doctor coming up to selves in the cause of the reforma- his chamber, suspecting nothing of tion. But the death of this ex-what had been done, put up the cellent prince, and the accession of queen Mary, had liked to have changed the face of affairs in Ireland as much as in England; but her designs were disappointed by a very curious adventure, of which the following account has been copied from the papers of Richard earl of Cork: Queen Mary having delt severely with the Protestants in England, about the latter end of her reign signed a commission for to take the same course with them in Ireland; and, to ex-ing it to be opened, that the secreecute the same with greater force, tary might read the commission, she nominates Dr. Cole one of the there was nothing save a pack of

box as formerly. The next day, going to the water-side, wind and weather serving him, he sails towards Ireland, and landed on the 7th of October, 1558, at Dublin. Then coming to the castle, the lord Fitz-Walter, being lord-deputy, sent for him to come before him and the privy council; who coming in, after he had made a speech relating upon what account he came over, he presents the box unto the lord deputy; who caus

cards with the knave of clubs up-|| was, in a manner, totally extirpermost; which not only startled pated throughout the kingdom. From this period the form of doctrine, worship, and discipline, established by Calvin at Geneva, has

On the review of this article, what reason have we to admire Infinite Wisdom, in making human events apparently fortuitous subservient to the spread of the Gospel! What reason to adore that Divine Power which was here evidently manifested in opposition to all the powers of the world! What reason to praise that Good

the lord-deputy and council, but the doctor, who assured them he had a commission, but knew not how it was gone. Then the lord-had the ascendency in Scotland. deputy made answer, Let us have another commission, and we will shuffle the cards in the mean while. The doctor, being troubled in his mind, went away, and returned into England, and coming to the court, obtained another commission; but, staying for a wind on the water-side, news came to him that the queen was dead: and thus God preserved the Pro-ness, which thus caused light and testants of Ireland."-Queen Elizabeth was so delighted with this story, which was related to her by lord Fitz-Walter on his return to England, that she sent for Elizabeth Edmonds, whose husband's name was Mattershad, and gave her a pension of 40% during her life.

truth to break forth for the happiness and salvation of millions of the human race!

For farther information on this interesting subject we refer our readers to the works of Burnet and Brandt; to Beausobre's Histoire de la Reformation dans l'Empire, et les Etats de la Confession In Scotland the seeds of refor-d'Augsbourg depuis 1517-1530, in mation were very early sown by 4 vols. 8vo, Berlin, 1785; Mosseveral noblemen who had resided heim's Ecclesiastical History; and in Germany during the religious particularly the Appendix, to vol. disputes there; but for many years iv, p. 136, on the Spirit of the Reit was suppressed by the power of formers by Dr. Maclaine. See althe pope, seconded by inhuman so Sleidan De Statu Religionis & laws and barbarous executions. Reipublica Carolo V; Father Paul's The most eminent opposer of the Hist. of the Council of Trent; Ropapal jurisdiction was John Knox, bertson's Hist. of Charles V; Knox's a disciple of Calvin, a man of great and Dr. Gilbert Stewart's Hist. zeal and invincible fortitude. On of the Reformation in Scotland; all occasions he raised the droop- Enc. Brit.; An Essay on the Spiing spirits of the reformers, and rit and Influence of the Reformaencouraged them to go on with tion by Luther, by B. C. Villers, their work, notwithstanding the which work obtained the prize on opposition and treachery of the this question (proposed by the queen-regent; till at last, in 1561, National Institute of France in the by the assistance of an English public sitting of the 15th Germinal, army sent by Elizabeth, popery in the year 10), "What has been

the influence of the reformation of regeneration is the Divine Spiby Luther on the political situation rit. That man is not the author of the different states of Europe of it is evident, if we consider, 1. and on the progress of knowledge?" The case in which men are before H. Moore's Hints to a Young Prin- it takes place; a state of ignocess, vol. ii. ch. 35. rance and inability, John iii, 4.REFUGEES, a term first ap-2. The nature of the work shews plied to the French Protestants, plainly that it is not in the power who, by the revocation of the e-of men to do it it is called a dict of Nantes, were constrained creation, a production of a new to fly from persecution, and take principle which was not before, refuge in foreign countries. Since and which man could not himself that time, however, it has been ex- produce, Eph. ii, 8, 10.-3. It is tended to all such as leave their expressly denied to be of men, country in times of distress. See but declared to be of God, John HUGUENOTS. i, 12, 13. 1st John iii, 9. The inREGIUM DONUM MO-strumental cause, if it may be so NEY, money allowed by govern-called, is the word of God, Jam. ment to the Dissenters. The i, 18. 1st Cor. iv. 15. The eviorigin of it was in the year 1723. As the Dissenters approved themselves strong friends to the house of Brunswick, they enjoyed favour; and, being excluded all lucrative preferment in the church, the prime minister wished to reward them for their loyalty, and, by a retaining fee, preserve them stedfast. A considerable sum, therefore, was annually lodged with the heads of the Presbyterians, Independents, and Baptists, to be distributed among the neces-for there can be no medium besitous ministers of their congrega- tween life and death; and here it tions. differs from sanctification, which is REGENERATION, a new progressive.-4. It is a complete birth; that work of the Holy Spi- act, and perfect in its kind; a change rit by which we experience a of the whole man, 2d Cor. v, 17.— change of heart. It is express-5. It is a great and important act, ed in scripture by being born both as to its author and effects, again, John iii, 7. born from Eph. ii, 4, 5.-6. It is an internal above, so it may be rendered, Fact, not consisting in bare outward John iii, 3, 7, 27. being quick-forms, Ezek. xxxvi, 26, 27.-7. ened, Ephes. ii. 1. Christ form- It is an act, the blessings of which ed in the heart, Gal. iv, 12. a we can never finally lose, John partaking of the Divine nature, xiii, 1. See CALLING, CONVER2d Pet. i, 4. The efficient causeSION; and Charnock's Works, vol.

dences of it are, conviction of sin, holy sorrow, deep humility, knowledge, faith, repentance, love, and devotedness to God's glory. The properties of it are these: 1. It is a passive work, and herein it differs from conversion. In regeneration we are passive, and receive from God; in conversion we are active, and turn to him. 2. It is an irresistible, or rather an invincible, work of God's grace, Eph. iii. 8.-3. It is an instantaneous act,

ii, p. 1 to 230; Cole and Wright, hole being made in the middle of but especially Witherspoon, on Re- the altar big enough to receive generation; Doddridge's Ten Ser- the hand; and herein is the relic demons on the Subject; Dr. Gill's posited, being first wrapped in red Body of Divinity, article Regenera-silk, and enclosed in a leaden box. tion; Dr. Owen on the Spirit; Lime Street Lectures, ser. 8.

The Romanists plead antiquity in behalf of relics; for the Manichees, out of hatred to the flesh, which they considered as an evil principle, refused to honour the relics of saints; which is reckoned a kind of proof that the Catholics did it in the first ages.

RELICS, in the Roman church, the remains of the bodies or clothes of saints or martyrs, and the instruments by which they were put to death, devoutly preserved, in honour to their memory, kissed, revered, and carried in procession. We know, indeed, that the The respect which was justly due touching of linen cloths, or relics, to the martyrs and teachers of the from an opinion of some extraChristian faith, in a few ages, in-ordinary virtue derived therefrom, creased almost to adoration; and was as ancient as the first ages, at length adoration was really paid there being a hole made in the both to departed saints, and to coffins of the forty martyrs at relics of holy men, or holy things. Constantinople expressly for that The abuses of the church of Rome purpose. The honouring the relics with respect to relics are very of saint, on which the church of flagrant and notorious; for such Rome afterwards founded her suwas the rage for them at one time,nerstitious and lucrative use of that, as F. Mabillon, a Beredic-em, as objects of devotion, as a tine, justly complains, the altars kind of charms, or amulets, and were loaded with suspected relics:as instruments of pretended minumerous spurious ones being racles, appears to have originated every where offered to the piety in a very ancient custom that preand devotion of the faitful. He vailed among Christians of asadds, too, that pones are often sembling at the cemeteries, or consecrated, which, so far from burying places, of the martyrs, for belonging to saints, probably do the purpose of commemorating not belong to Christians. From them, and of performing divine the catacombs numerous relics worship. When the profession of have been taken, and yet it is not Christianity obtained the protecknown who were the persons in- tion of civil government, under terred therein. In the eleventh Constantine the Great, stately century, relics were tried by fire, churches were erected over seand those which did not consume pulchres, and their names and were reckoned genuine, and the memories were treated with every rest not. Relics were and still possible token of affection and are, preserved on the altars where- respect, This reverence, however, on mass is celebrated; a square gradually exceeded all reasonable VOL. II.

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bounds; and those prayers and religious services were thought to have a peculiar sanctity and virtue which were performed over their tombs hence the practice which afterwards obtained of depositing relics of saints and martyrs under the altars in all churches. This practice was then thought of such importance, that St. Ambrose would not consecrate a church because it had no relics; and the council of Constantinople in Trullo ordained, that those altars should be demolished under which there were found no relics. The rage of procuring relics for this and other purposes of a similar nature became so excessive, that, in 386, the emperor Theodosius the great was obliged to pass a law, forbidding the people to dig up the bodies of the martyrs, and to traffic in their relics.

their putrified carcasses were laid, were treated with a stupid veneration, and supposed to retain the marvellous virtue of healing all disorders, both of body and mind, and of defending such as possessed them against all the assaults and devices of the devil. The consequence of all this was, that every one was eager to provide himself with these salutary remedies: consequently great numbers undertook fatiguing and perilous voyages, and subjected themselves to all sorts of hardships; while others made use of this delusion to accumulate their riches, and to impose upon the miserable multitude by the most impious and shocking inventions. As the demand for relics was prodigious and universal, the clergy employed the ut most dexterity to satisfy all demands, and were far from being Such was the origin of that nice in the methods they used for respect for sacred relics, which that end. The bodies of the saints afterwards was perverted into a were sought by fasting and prayer, formal worship of them, and be- instituted by the priest in order came the occasion of innumerable to obtain a divine answer, and an processions, pilgrimages, and mi- infallible direction; and this preracles, from which the church of tended direction never failed to Rome hath derived incredible ad- accomplish their desires: the holy vantage. In the end of the ninth carcass was always found, and century it was not sufficient to that always in consequence, as reverence departed saints, and to they impiously gave out, of the confide in their intercessions and suggestion and inspiration of God succours; to clothe them with an himself. Each discovery of this imaginary power of healing dis-kind was attended with excessive eases, working miracles, and de- demonstrations of joy, and anilivering from all sorts of cala- mated the zeal of these devout mities and dangers; their bones, seekers to enrich the church still their clothes; the apparel and fur-more and more with this new kind niture they had possessed during of treasure. Many travelled with their lives, the very ground which this view into the Eastern prothey had touched, or in which vinces, and frequented the places