rank, five shillings, to the poor of the man Christ Jesus." With rethe parish; and on a second con- spect, therefore, to the sacred Triviction double, and for every nity, though he rejected the idea subsequent offence treble the sum of three distinct persons as defirst forfeited, with all charges of structive of the unity of the Godconviction; and, in default of pay-head, he admitted three distinct ment, shall be sent to the house of essences, principles, or characters, correction for ten days.

as existing in it; namely, the diSWEDENBORGIANS, the vine essence or character, in virfollowers of Emanuel Swedenborg, tue of which he is called the Faa Swedish nobleman, born at ther, or Creator; the human esStockholm in 1689. He appears sence, principle, or character, to have had a good education; for united to the divine in the person his learning was extensive in al- of Jesus Christ, in virtue of which most every branch. He professed he is called the Son and Rehimself to be the founder of the deemer; and, lastly, the proceedNew Jerusalem Church, alluding ing essence or principle, in virtue to the New Jerusalem spoken of of which he is called the Holy in the book of the Revelation. Ghost. He farther maintains, He asserts that, in the year 1743, that the sacred scripture contains the Lord manifested himself to him three distinct senses, called ceby a personal appearance, and at lestial, spiritual, and natural, which the same time opened his spiritual are united by correspondences; eyes, so that he was enabled con- and that in each sense it is distantly to see and converse with vine truth accommodated respecspirits and angels. From that time tively to the angels of the three he began to print and publish va- heavens, and also to men on earth. rious wonderful things, which, he This science of correspondences says, were revealed to him, relat- (it is said) has been lost for some ing to heaven and hell, the state thousands of years, viz. ever since of men after death, the worship of the time of Job, but is now reGod, the spiritual sense of the vived by Emanuel Swedenborg, scriptures, the various earths in who uses it as a key to the spithe universe, and their inhabi- ritual or internal sense of the satants; with many other strange cred scripture; every page of particulars. which, he says, is written by Swedenborg lived and died in correspondence, that is, by such the Lutheran communion, but al-things in the natural world as corways professed the highest respect respond unto and signify things in for the church of England. He the spiritual world. He denies carried his respect for the person the doctrine of atonement, or viand divinity of Jesus Christ to the carious sacrifice; together with the highest point of veneration, con-doctrines of predestination, unsidering him altogether as "God conditional election, justification manifested in the flesh, and as the by faith alone, the resurrection of fulness of the Godhead united to the material body, &c.; and, in VOL. II. 3 M

SYNAGOGUE, a place where the Jews meet to worship God.

SYNERGISTS, so called from the Greek cvvEPY, which signifies co-operation. Hence this name was given to those in the sixteenth century who denied that God was the sole agent in the conversion of sinful man, and affirmed that man co-operated with Divine grace in the accomplishment of this salutary purpose.

opposition thereto, maintains that Work's; Dialogues on Swedenman is possessed of free will in borg's Theological Writings. spiritual things; that salvation is SYMBOL, an abstract or comnot attainable without repent-pendium; a sign or representation ance, that is, abstaining from evils, of something moral by the figures because they are sins against God; or properties of natural things. and living a life of charity and Hence symbols are of various faith, according to the command-kinds; as hyeroglyphics, types, ments; that man, immediately on enigmas, parables, fables, &c. his decease, rises again in a spi- See Dr. Lancaster's Dictionary ritual body, which was enclosed of Scriptural Symbols; and Bichein his material body; and that no's Symbolical Vocabulary in his in this spiritual body he lives as Signs of the Times. a man to eternity, either in heaven or in hell, according to the quality of his past life. That all those passages in the scripture generally supposed to signify the destruction of the world by fire, and commonly called the last judgment, must be understood according to the above-mentioned science of correspondences, which teaches, that by the end of the world, or consummation of the age, is not signified the destruction of the world, but the destruction or end of the present Christian church, both among Roman Catholics and Protestants, of every description or denomination; and that this last judgment actually took place in the spiritual world in the year 1757; from which æra is dated the second advent of the Lord, and the commencement of a new Christian church, which, they say, is meant by the new heaven and new earth in the Revelation, and the New Jerusalem thence descending. They use a liturgy, and instrumental as well as vocal music, in their public worship. Summary view of Swedenborg's Doctrines; Swedenborg's

SYNOD, a meeting or assembly of ecclesiastical persons to consult on matters of religion. Of these there are four kinds, viz. 1. General, where bishops, &c., meet from all nations. These were first called by the emperors; afterwards by Christian princes; till, in later ages, the pope usurped to himself the greatest share in this business, and by his legates presided in them when called.-2. National, where those of one nation only come together to determine any point of doctrine or discipline. The first of this sort which we read of in England was that of Herudford, or Hertford, in 673; and the last was that held by cardinal Pole, in 1555.-3.

Provincial, where those only of one province meet, now called the Convocation.-4. Diocesan, where those of but one diocese meet, to enforce canons made by general councils, or national and provincial synods, and to consult and

TABERNACLE, among the Hebrews, a kind of building, in the form of a tent, set up by the express command of God for the performance of religious worship, sacrifices, &c. Exod. xxvi, xxvii.

Feast of Tabernacles, a solemn festival of the Hebrews, observed after harvest, on the 15th day of the month Tisri, instituted to commemorate the goodness of God, who protected the Israelites in the wilderness, and made them dwell in booths when they came out of Egypt.

TABORITES. See BOHEMIAN BRETHREN.

T

agree upon rules of discipline for themselves. These were not wholly laid aside, till, by the act of submission, 25 Hen. VIII, c. 19, it was made unlawful for any synod to meet but by royal authority. See COUNCIL, and CONVOCATION.

one in the afternoon till five in the evening. They dress in a very mean garb, and go bare-headed and bare-footed; and no person is admitted among them who is not well skilled in the Baly language. They believe that the universe is eternal, but admit that certain parts of it, as this world, may be destroyed, and again regenerated. They believe in a universal pervading spirit, and in the immortality and transmigration of the soul; but they extend this last doctrine not only to animals, but to vegetables and rocks. They have their good and evil genii, and particular local deities, who preside over forests and rivers, and interfere in all sublunary affairs.

TALAPOINS, or TALOPINS, priests of Siam. They enjoy great privileges, but are enjoined celibacy, and austerity of life. They TALENT figuratively signifies live in monasteries contiguous to any gift or opportunity God gives the temples; and, what is singular, to men for the promotion of his any one may enter into the priest- glory. "Every thing almost,' hood, and, after a certain age, says Mr. Scott, "that we are, or may quit it to marry, and return possess, or meet with, may be conto society. There are Talapoin-sidered as a talent; for a good or esses, too, or nuns, who live in the a bad use may be made of every same convents, but are not ad- natural endowment, or providenmitted till they have passed their tial appointment, or they may refortieth year. The Talapoins edu-main unoccupied through inacticate children, and at every new and full moon explain the precepts of their religion in their temples; and during the rainy season they preach from six in the morning till noon, and from

vity and selfishness. Time, health, vigour of body, and the power of exertion and enduring fatiguethe natural and acquired abilities of the mind, skill in any lawful art or science, and the capacity

Talmud. A similar addition was made to the Mishna by the Babylonish doctors in the beginning of the sixth century, according to Enfield; and in the seventh, according to others.

for close mental application-the rules of life (which, beside, the angift of speech, and that of speaking cient Hebrew scriptures, the Jews with fluency and propriety, and thought themselves bound to obin a convincing, attractive, or per-serve), was composed, according suasive manner-wealth, influ- to the unanimous testimony of the ence, or authority-a man's situa- Jews, about the close of the setion in the church, the community, cond century. It was the work or relative life-and the various of rabbi Jehuda (or Juda) Hakoccurrences which make way for kadosh, who was the ornament of him to attempt any thing of a the school of Tiberias, and is said beneficial tendency: these, and to have occupied him forty years. many others that can scarcely be The commentaries and additions enumerated, are talents which the which succeeding rabbies made consistent Christian will improve were collected by rabbi Jochanan to the glory of God, and the be- Ben Eliezer, some say in the fifth, nefit of mankind. Nay, this im- others say in the sixth, and others provement procures an increase in the seventh century, under the of talents, and gives a man an ac- name of Gemara, that is, comcession of influence, and an accu-pletion, because it completed the mulating power of doing good; because it tends to establish his reputation for prudence, piety, integrity, sincerity, and disinterested benevolence: it gradually forms him to an habitual readiness to engage in beneficent designs, and to conduct them in a gentle, unobtrusive, and unassuming man-is entitled order is formed of ner: it disposes others to regard treatises: every treatise is divided him with increasing confidence into chapters; and every chapter and affection, and to approach into mishnas, or aphorisms. In him with satisfaction; and it pro- the first part is discussed whatevcures for him the countenance of er relates to seeds, fruits, and trees; many persons, whose assistance he in the second, feasts; in the third, can employ in accomplishing his women, their duties, their disorown salutary purposes." ders, marriages, divorces, conTALMUD, a collection of Jew-tracts, and nuptials: in the fourth, ish writings. There are two works which bear this name-the Talmud of Jerusalem, and the Talmud of Babylon. Each of these are composed of two parts-the Mishna, which is the text, and is common to both; and the Gemara, or commentary.

The Mishna is divided into six parts, of which every one which

are treated the damages or losses sustained by beasts or men, of things found, deposits, usuries, rents, farms, partnerships in commerce, inheritance, sales and purchases, oaths, witnesses, arrests, idolatry; and here are named those by whom the oral law was The Mishna, which compre-received and preserved in the hends all the laws, institutions, and fifth part are noticed what regards

sacrifices and holy things: and in a style comparatively pure, and

the sixth treats on purifications, vessels, furniture, clothes, houses, leprosy, baths, and numerous other articles--all this forms the Mishna.

As the learned reader may wish

may be very useful in explaining passages of the New Testament, where the phraseology is similar. This is, indeed, the only use to which Christians can apply it: but this renders it valuable.

to obtain some notion of rabbi-Lightfoot has judiciously availed nical composition and judgment, himself of such information as he we shall gratify his curiosity suf- could derive from it. Some of ficiently by the following speci- the popes, with a barbarous zeal, men: "Adam's body was made and a timidity of spirit for the of the earth of Babylon, his head success of the Christian religion, of the land of Israel, his other which the belief of its divinity can members of other parts of the never excuse, ordered great numworld. R. Meir thought he was bers of the Talmud to be burned. compact of the earth gathered out Gregory IX burned about twenty of the whole earth: as it is writ-cart-loads; and Paul IV ordered ten, thine eyes did see my sub- 12,000 copies of the Talmud to be stance. Now it is elsewhere writ-destroyed. See MISCHNA; the ten, the eyes of the Lord are overlast edition of the Talmud of Babyall the earth. R. Aha expressly lon, printed at Amsterdam, in 12 marks the twelve hours in which vols. folio: the Talmud of Jerusahis various parts were formed. lem is in one large vol. folio. His stature was from one end of the world to the other; and it was for his transgression that the Creator, laying his hand in anger on him, lessened him; for be-century. He treated with contempt fore,' says R. Eleazer, with his hand he reached the firmament.' R. Jehuda thinks his sin was heresy; but R. Isaac thinks that it was nourishing his foreskin."

TANQUELINIANS, so called from Tanquelinus, who formed a numerous denomination in Brabant and Antwerp in the twelfth

the external worship of God, the sacrament of the Lord's supper, and the rite of baptism, and held clandestine assemblies to propagate his opinions. He declaimed against the vices of the clergy with vehemence and intrepidity.

TARGUM, a name given to the Chaldee paraphrases of the books of the Old Testament. They are called paraphrases, or expositions, because they are rather comments and explications, than literal translation of the text. They are written in the Chaldee tongue, which became familiar to the Jews after the time of their captivity in Babylon, and was more known to