them than the Hebrew itself; so||ly upon the lesser prophets, where he takes great liberties, and runs on in allegories. His style is pure enough, and approaches pretty near to the Chaldee of Onkelos. It is thought that the Jewish doctors who lived above seven hundred years after him made some additions to him. that when the Hebrew text was read in the synagogue, or in the temple, they generally added to it an explication in the Chaldee tongue for the service of the people, who had but a very imperfect knowledge of the Hebrew tongue. It is probable, that even from the time of Ezra this custom began ; since this learned scribe, reading the law to the people in the temple, explained it, with the other priests that were with him, to make it understood by the people, Neh. viii, 7, 9. The Targum of Joseph the Blind is upon the Hagiographia. This author is much more modern, and less esteemed, than those we have now mentioned. He has written upon the Psalms, Job, the Proverbs, the Canticles, Ecclesi The Targum of Jerusalem is only upon the Pentateuch; nor is that entire or perfect. There are whole verses wanting, others transposed, others mutilated; which has made many of opinion that this is only a fragment of some ancient paraphrase that is now lost. There is no Targum upon Daniel, or upon the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. But though the custom of mak-astes, Ruth, and Esther. His style ing these sorts of expositions in is a very corrupt Chaldee, with a the Chaldee language be very an- great mixture of words from focient among the Hebrews, yet they reign languages. have no written paraphrases or targums before the era of Onkelos and Jonathan, who lived about the time of our Saviour. Jonathan is placed about thirty years before Christ, under the reign of Herod the Great. Onkelos is something more modern. The targum of Onkelos is the most of all esteemed, and copies are to be found in which it is inserted verse for verse with the Hebrew. It is These Targums are of great use so short, and so simple, that it for the better understanding not cannot be suspected of being cor-only of the Old Testament, on rupted. This paraphrast wrote which they are written, but also only upon the books of Moses; of the New. As to the Old Tes and his style approaches nearly tament, they serve to vindicate the to the purity of the Chaldee, as it genuineness of the present Hebrew is found in Daniel and Ezra. This text, by proving it to be the same Targum is quoted in the Misna, that was in use when these Tarbut was not known either to Euse- gums were made; contrary to the bius, St. Jerome, or Origen. opinion of those who think the Jews corrupted it after our Saviour's time. They help to explain many words and phrases in the Hebrew original, and they The Targum of Jonathan, son of Uziel, is upon the greater and lesser prophets. He is much more diffuse than Onkelos, and especial hand down to us many of the an- || moderates and restrains his sensucient customs of the Jews. And al appetites. It is often, however, used, in a much more general sense, as synonymous with moderation, and is then applied indiscriminately to all the passions. some of them, with the phraseologies, idioms, and peculiar forms of speech, which we find in them, do, in many instances, help as much for the better illustration and better understanding of the New Testament as of the Old; the Jerusalem Chaldee dialect, in which they are written, being the vulgar language of the Jews in our Saviour's time. They also very much serve the Christian cause against the Jews, by interpreting many of the prophecies of the Messiah in the Old Testament in the same manner as the Christians do. Many instances are produced to this purpose by Dr. Prideaux in his Connexions of the History of the Old and New Testaments. These targums are published to the best advantage in the second edition of the great Hebrew Bible set forthgeous to the powers of the mind. at Basil by Buxtorf, the father, anno 1610. "Temperance," says Addison, "has those particular advantages above all other means of health, that it may be practised by all ranks and conditions at any season or in any place. It is a kind of regimen into which every man may put himself without interruption to business, expence of money, or loss of time. Physic, for the most part, is nothing else but the substitute of exercise or temperance." In order to obtain and practise this virtue, we should consider it, 1. As a divine command, Phil. iv, 5. Luke xxi, 34. Prov. xxiii, 1 to 3.-2. As conducive to health.-3. As advanta 4. As a defence against injustice, lust, imprudence detraction, poverty, &c.-And, lastly the example of Christ should be a most powerful stimulus to it. See INTEMPERANCE. TEMPLARS, TEMPLERS, or KNIGHTS OF THE TEMPLE, a religious order instituted at Jerusalem, in the beginning of the twelfth century, for the defence of the holy sepulchre, and the pro TEMPER, the disposition of the mind, whether natural or acquired. The word is seldom used by good writers without an epithet, as a good or bad temper. Temper must be distinguished from passion. The passions are quick and strong, emotions which by degrees subside. Temper is the disposition which remains after these emotions are past, and which forms the ha-tection of Christian pilgrims. They bitual propensity of the soul. See Dr. Evans's Practical Discourses on the Christian Temper; and the various articles LOVE, PATIENCE, HUMILITY, FORTITUDE, &c., in this work. TEMPERANCE, that virtue which a man is said to possess who were first called the Poor of the Holy City,and afterwards assumed theappellationof Templars,because their house was near the temple. The order was founded by Baldwin II, then king of Jerusalem, with the concurrence of the pope; and the principal articles of their rule were, that they should hear for any thing belonging to time in contrast with eternity. TEMPORALITIES OF BISHOPS are the revenues,lands, te the holy office throughout every day; or that, when their military duties should prevent this, they should supply it by a certain num-nements, and lay fees, belonging to ber of paternosters; that they bishops, as they are barons and should abstain from flesh four days lords of parliament. in the week, and on Fridays from TEMPTATION, the enticeeggs and milk meats; that each ment of a person to commit sin by knight might have three horses and offering some seeming advantage. one esquire, and that they should There are four things, says one, in neither hunt nor fowl. After the temptation: 1. Deception.-2. Inruin of Jerusalem, about 1186, fection.-3. Seduction.-4. Perthey spread themselves through dition. The sources of temptation Germany and other countries of are, Satan, the world, and the Europe, to which they were in-flesh. We are exposed to them in vited by the liberality of the Chris- every state, in every place, and in tians. In the year 1228 this order every time of life. They may be acquired stability by being con- wisely permitted to shew us our firmed in the council of Troyes, weakness, to try our faith, to proand subjected to a rule of disci-mote our humility, and to learn us pline drawn up by St. Bernard. In to place our dependance on à suevery nation they had a particu-perior Power: yet we must not lar governor, called Master of the run into them, but watch and Temple, or of the militia of the temple. Their grand master had his residence at Paris. The order of Templars flourished for some time, and acquired, by the valour of its knights, immense riches, and an eminent degree of military re-in some measure know when a nown; but, as their prosperity in- temptation comes from Satan.-1. creased,their vices were multiplied When the temptation is unnatural, and their arrogance, luxury, and or contrary to the general bias or cruelty, rose at last to such a great temper of our minds.-2. When height, that their privileges were it is opposite to the present frame revoked, and their order suppres- of the mind.-3. When the tempsed with the most terrible circum-tation itself is irrational; being stances of infamy and severity. TEMPLE, a public building erected for the purpose of religious worship. TEMPORAL, a term often used for secular, as a distinction from spiritual or ecclesiastical; likewise pray; avoid sinful company; consider the love, sufferings, and constancy of Christ, and the awful consequences of falling a victim to them. The following rules have been laid down, by which we may contrary to whatever we could imagine our own minds would sug gest to us.-4. When a temptation is detested in its first rising and appearance.-5. Lastly, when it is violent. See Brooks, Owen, Gil pin, Capel, and Gillespie, on Temp tation; South's seven Sermons on || followers.-And, 4. He here afTemptation, in the 6th vol. of his Sermons; Pike and Hayward's Cases of Conscience; and Bishop Porteus's Sermons, ser. 3 and 4, vol. i. merous conjectures which have been formed respecting its meaning. Perhaps the best way to determine it would be to examine and compare all the passages in which it occurs, and to consult the ancient translations. TEST ACT, is the statute 25 Car. II, cap. 2, which directs all officers, civil and military, to take the oaths and make the declaration fords consolation to his suffering people, by shewing not only that he himself was tempted, but is able to succour those that are tempted, Heb. ii, 18. Heb. iv, 15. Farmer TEMPTATION OF CHRIST. on Christ's Temptation; Edwards's The temptation of Christ, of which Hist. of Redemption, note 344; we read in the 4th chap. of Mat- Henry,Gill, and Macknight, in loc. thew, has been much the subject of TERAPHIM, a word in the infidel ridicule, and some ingeni-Hebrew language which has much ous writers,to avoid the difficulties exercised the ingenuity of the criof a literal interpretation, have re-tics. It is commonly interpreted, duced the whole to vision and al-idols. It would be useless here legory. But perhaps this has in- to trouble the reader with the nucreased rather than removed those difficulties. Is it not best always to adhere as close as possible to the language of inspiration, without glossing it with fancies of our own? And after all, what is there so inconsistent with reason in this account? That, when our Lord retired to the interior part of the wilderness, the enemy of mankind should assume a disguise (whether human or angelic is not import-against transubstantiation, in the ant), and present the most plausi- Court of King's Bench or Chanble temptation to our Redeemer, cery, the next term, or at the next under these trying circumstances, quarter-sessions, or (by subseis perfectly consistent with the ma- quent statutes) within six months levolence of his character; but after their admission; and also how far he was permitted to exert within the same time to receive his power in forming them, is not the sacrament of the Lord's supnecessary to be inquired. The per, according to the usage of the grand objection is, why was Satan church of England, in some pubsuffered thus to insult the Son of lic church, immediately after diGod? Wherefore did the Redeem-vine service or sermon, and to deer suffer his state of retirement to liver into court a certificate therebe thus disturbed with the malici- of, signed by the minister and ous suggestions of the fiend? May church-warden; and also to prove it not be answered that herein, 1. the same by two credible witnesses, He gave an instance of his own con-upon forfeiture of five hundred descension and humiliation.-2. pounds, and disability to hold the He hereby proved his power over said office. The avowed object of the tempter.-3. He set an exam- this act was, to exclude from places ple of firmness and virtue to his of trust all members of the church VOL. II. 3 N of Rome; and hence the Dissent- of the benefactor." The blessings ers of that age, if they did not for which we should be thankful support the bill when passing are, 1. Temporal; such as health, through the two houses of parlia-food, raiment, rest, &c.-2. Spiriment, gave it no opposition. For tual; such as the Bible, ordinances, this part of their conduct they have the Gospel, and its blessings; as been often censured with severity, free grace, adoption, pardon, jusas having betrayed their rights tification, calling, &c.-3. Eternal, from resentment to their enemies. or the enjoyment of God in a fuTo make the ordinance of the ture state. Also for all that is Lord's supper a qualification of past, what we now enjoy, and what admittance to any office in or un-is promised; for private and pubder the civil government, is evi- lic, for ordinary and extraordinary dently a profanation of the ordi- blessings; for prosperity, and even nance itself; not to insist upon the adversity, so far as rendered subimpropriety of excluding peacea-servient to our good. The excel ble and loyal subjects from places lency of this duty appears, if we of trust and profit merely on ac- consider, 1. Its antiquity: it excount of their religious opinions.isted in Paradise before Adam fell, Various tracts have been written on the subject of a repeal of this act by Priestley, Englefield, Walker, Wakefield, Bristow, Palmer, and others. On the contrary side, by a great number of anonymous writers. See and therefore prior to the graces of faith, repentance, &c.-2. Its sphere of operation; being far beyond many other graces, which are confined to time and place.3. Its felicity: some duties are painful; as repentance, conflict THANKFULNESS. with sin, &c. ; but this is a source GRATITUDE, and the next article. of sublime pleasure.-4. Its reaTHANKSGIVING, that part sonableness.-And, 5. Its perpeof divine worship wherein we ac- tuity. This will be in exercise for knowledge benefits received. "It ever, when other graces will not be implies," says Dr. Barrow (vol. i, necessary, as faith, repentance, &c. ser. 8 and 9), "1. A right appre- The obligation to this duty arises, hension of the benefits conferred. 1. From the relation we stand in to -2. A faithful retention of bene- God.-2. The divine command.— fits in the memory, and frequent 3. The promises God hath made. reflections upon them.-3. A due-4. The example of all good men. esteem and valuation of benefits.--5. Our unworthiness of the 4. A reception of those benefits blessings we receive.-And, 6. with a willing mind, a vehement The prospect of eternal glory. affection.-5. Due acknowledg THEFT, the taking away the ment of our obligations.-6. En-property of another without his deavours of real compensation; or, knowledge or consent. This is as it respects the Divine Being, anot only a sin against our neighwillingness to serve and exalt him.bour, but a direct violation of that -7. Esteem, veneration, and love part of the decalogue, which says, |