when we consider, 1. That it is short.-2. Swift.-3. Irrecoverable.-4. Uncertain.-5. That it is a talent committed to our trust.And, 6. That the improvement of it is advantageous and interesting in every respect. See Shower on Time and Eternity; Fox on Time; 7. Edwards's Posthumous Sermons, ser. 24, 25, 26; Hale's Contemplations, p. 211; Hervey's Meditat., Young's Night Thoughts; Blair's Grave. TOLERATION, in matters of religion, is either civil or ecclesiastical. Civil toleration is an impunity, and safely granted by the state to every sect that does not maintain doctrines inconsistent with the public peace. Ecclesiastical toleration is the allowance which the church grants to its members to differ in certain opinions not reputed essential. See Dr. Owen, Locke, and Dr. Furneaux, on Toleration; Milton's Civil Power in Ecclesiastical Causes. TONGUES, GIFT OF. See GIFT OF TONGUES. TRADITION, something handed down from one generation to another. Thus the Jews pretended that besides their written law contained in the Old Testament, Moses had delivered an oral law, which had been conveyed down from father to son; and thus the Roman Catholics are said to value particular doctrines, supposed to have descended from the apostolic times by tradition. TRANSLATION, in the ecdesiastical sense of the word, is the removing of a bishop from one see to another. It is also used for the version of a book or writing into a different language from that in which it was written. In translating the scriptures, great knowledge and caution are necessary. Dr. Campbell lays down three fundamental rules for translating: 1. The translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original.-2. The style and manner of the original should be preserved.-3. The translation should have all the case of original composition. He observes, that the difficulties found in translating the scriptures, arise, 1. From the singularity of Jewish customs.-2. From the poverty (as appears) of their native language.-4. From the fewness of the books extant in it.-4. From the symbolical style of the prophets.-5. From the excessive influence which a previous acquaintance with translations have occasioned.-And, 6. From prepossessions, in what way so ever acquired, in regard to religious tenets. Notwithstanding these difficulties, however, the divines employed by King James to translate the Old and New Testaments have given us a translation which, with a very few exceptions, can scarcely be improved. These divines were profoundly skilled in the learn ing as well as in the languages of the East; whilst some of those who have presumed to improve their version seem not to have possessed a critical knowledge of the Greek tongue, to have known still less of the Hebrew, and to have been absolute strangers to remain without a substance, and substance without accidents; and that a part of Christ's body is equal to the whole. It is also contrary the dialect spoken in Judea in the days of our Saviour, as well as to the manners, customs, and peculiar opinions of the Jewish sects. "Neither," as one observes, "me-to the end of the sacrament, taphysical acuteness, nor the most which is to represent and comperfect knowledge of the princi- memorate Christ, not to believe ples of translation in general, wif that he is corporally present, 1st enable a man who is ignorant of Cor. xi, 24, 25. But we need these things to improve the au- not waste time in attempting to thorised version either of the Gos-refute a doctrine which by its ples or Epistles; for such a man impious consequences refutes itknows not accurately, and there-self. See Smith's Errors of the fore cannot give a complete tran-Church of Rome, dial. 6; A Diascript of the ideas of the original logue between Philalethes and Bework." See BIBLE; Mr. Tyt-nevolus; Kidder's Messiah, part ler's Essay on the Principles of iii, p. 80; and Brown's CompenTranslation; and Dr. Campbell's dium, p. 613. Preliminary Dissertations to his TRENT, Council of, denotes Translation of the Gospels. the council assembled by Paul III, TRANSUBSTANTIATION, in 1545, and continued by twenty five sessions till the year 1563, under Julius III and Pius IV, in order to correct, illustrate, and fix with perspicuity, the doctrine of the church, to restore the vigour of its discipline, and to reform the lives of its ministers. The decrees of this council, together the conversion or change of the substance of the bread and wine in the eucharist into the body and blood of Jesus Christ, which the Romish church suppose to be wrought by the consecration of the priest. Nothing can be more contradictory to scripture, or to common sense, than this doctrine.with the creed of pope Pius IV, It must be evident to every one contain a summary of the docwho is not blinded by ignorance trines of the Roman Catholics. and prejudice that our Lord's See Mosheim's Church History; words, "This is my body," are The Modern Universal History, mere figurative expressions: be-vol. 23; Fra. Paolo Sarpi's and sides, such a transubstantiation is Father Paul's Histories of the so opposite to the testimony of our Council of Trent. senses, as completely to under- TRIERS, a society of minismine the whole proof of all the ters, with some others, chosen by miracles by which God hath con- Cromwell to sit at Whitehall. firmed revelation. According to They were mostly Independents, such a transubstantiation, the same though some Presbyterians were bedy is alive and dead at once, joined with them. They had and may be in a million of differ-power to try all that came for inent places whole and entire at the stitution and induction; and withsame instant of time; accidents out their approbation none were YOL. II. 3 0 admitted. They examined all TRITHEISTS, a sect of the who were able to come up to Lon-sixth century, whose chief was don; but if any were unable, or of John Ascunage, a Syrian philodoubtful qualifications, they refer- sopher, and at the same time a red them to some ministers in the Monophysite. This man imagincounty where they lived. They ed in the Deity three natures or rejected all those who did not live substances absolutely equal in all according to their profession, and respects, and joined together by no placed in their room able serious common essence; to which opinion preachers who lived godly lives, his adversaries gave the name of though of different opinions. Tritheism. One of the warmest TŘINITARIANS, those who defenders of this doctrine was believe in the Trinity. See next John Philoponus, an Alexandrian article, and the 162d Lect. of Dod-philosopher and grammarian of the dridge, where the reader will find highest reputation; and hence he a statement of the opinions of the has been considered by many as the ancients on this doctrine, as like-author of this sect, whose memwise many of the moderns; such as Baxter, Dr. Clarke, Burnet, Howe, Waterland, Taylor, Pearson, Bull, Wallis, Watts, and Jeremy Taylor. bers have consequently derived from him the title of Philoponists. This sect was divided into two parties, the Philoponists and the Cononites; the latter of whom were so called from Conon, Bishop of Tarsus, their chief. They agree in the doctrine of three persons in the Godhead, and differed only in their manner of explaining what the scriptures taught concerning the resurrection of the body. Philoponus maintained, that the form as well as the matter of all bodies was generated and corrupted, and that both, therefore, were to be restored in the resurrection. Conon held, on the contrary, that the body never lost its form; that its matter alone was subject to corruption and decay, and was consequently to be restored when this mortal shall put on immortality. TRINITY, the union of three in one; generally applied to the ineffable mystery of three persons in one God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. Without attempting to explain what cannot be fully comprehended, I shall here refer the reader to what has been said under the articles JESUS CHRIST and HOLY GHOST, and to the following passages of scripture, which evidently prove that there is a union of three persons in one God in the divine nature: Gen. i, 26. Gen. xi, 6. 7. Is. xlviii, 16. Is. xxxiv, 16. 2d Cor. xiii, 14. John xiv, 23. Matt. xxviii, 19.2d Thess. iii, 3, 1st John v, 7. See also Owen, Watts, Jones, S. Browne, Fowcett, A. Taylor, J. Scott, Simpson, and TRUCE OF GOD, a scheme Wesley's Pieces on the Subject; set on foot for the purpose of quellBull's Defensio Fidei Nicænæ; Dr. ing the violence and preventing the Allix's Testimonies of the few-frequency of private wars, occaish Church. sioned by the fierce spirit of the tation of his blessing, Mic. vii, 7. The encouragement we have to trust in him arises, From his liberality, Rom. viii, 32. Ps. lxxxiv, 11.-2. His ability, James i, 17.3. His relationship, Ps. ciii, 13.— 4. His promise, Is. xxxiii, 16.— 5. His conduct in all ages to those who have trusted him, Gen. xlviii, 15, 16, Ps. xxxvii, 25. The hap great, if we consider, 1. Their safety, Ps. cxxv, 1.-2. Their courage, Ps. xxvii, 1.-3. Their peace, Is. xxvi, 3.-4. Their character and fruitfulness, Ps. i, 3.5. Their end, Ps. xxxvii, 37. Job v. 26. barbarians in the middle ages. In France, a general peace and cessation from hostilities took place A. D. 1032, and continued for seven years, in consequence of the methods which the bishop of Aquitaine successfully employed to work upon the superstition of the times. A resolution was formed, that no man should, in time to come, attack or molest his adver-piness of those who trust in him is saries during the seasons set apart for celebrating the great festivals of the church, or from the evening of Thursday in each week to the morning of Monday in the week ensuing, the intervening days being consecrated as particularly holy; our Lord's passion having happened on one of those days, and his resurrection on another. A change in the dispositions of men so sudden, and which produced a resolution so unexpected, was considered as miraculous; and the respite from hostilities which followed upon it was called the Truce of God. This cessation from hostilities during three complete days every week, allowed a considerable space for the passions of the antagonists to cool, and for the people to enjoy a respite from the calamities of war, and to take measures for their own security. TRUTH, a term used in opposition to falsehood, and applied to propositions which answer or accord to the nature and reality of the thing whereof something is affirmed or denied. Natural or physical truth is said to be the agreement of our sentiments with the nature of things. Moral truth is the conformity of our words and actions to our sentiments. Evangelical or gospel truth is taken for Christ; the doctrines of the Gospel; substance or reality, in opposition to the shadows and ceremonies of the law, John i, 17. For this truth we ought to be sincere in seeking, zealous in defending, TRUST IN GOD, signifies that and active in propagating; highly confidence in or dependance we to prize it, constantly to rejoice in place on him. This trust ought to it, and uniformly to be obedient to be, 1. Sincere and unreserved, not it. See LYING, SINCERITY; Tɗin idols, in men, in talents, riches, tham's Scale of Truth; Locke on power, in ourselves part, and him the Understand.; Beattie on -part, Prov. iii, 5, 6.-2. Univer- Truth; Dr. Stennett's Sermon on sal; body, soul, circumstances, 1st propagating the Truth; Saurin's Peter v, 7.-3. Perpetual, Is. Sermons, Eng. trans., vol. ii, ser. xxvi, 4.-4. With a lively expec-1 and 14. TURLUPINS, a denomination justly consider the death of Christ, which appeared about the year and his resurrection from the dead, 1372, principally in Savoy and as events that are typified in the Dauphiny. They taught that when Old Testament, we should be care a man is arrived at a certain stateful not to consider every thing of perfection, he is freed from all mentioned in the Hebrew scripsubjection to the divine law. It is tures as a type, for this will exsaid, they often went naked, and pose the whole doctrine of types they allowed of no prayer to God to ridicule : for instance, what can but mental. They called them- be a greater burlesque on the scripselves the fraternity of the poor.tures to suppose, as some have TYPE, an impression, image, done, that the extraction of Eve or representation of some model, from the side of Adam, while he which is termed the antitype. In was in a deep sleep, was intended this sense we often use the word as a type of the Roman soldiers' to denote the prefiguration of the piercing our Saviour's side while great events of man's redemption he slept the sleep of death? Such by persons or things in the Old ideas as these, vented sometimes Testament. Types are distinguish-by novices, and sometimes by ed into, 1. Such as were directly more aged divines, give a greater appointed for that end; as the sa-proof of the wildness of their fancrifices.-2. Such as had only acies than the correctness of their providential ordination to that judgments. See Mather and M end; as the story of Jacob and Ewen on the Types; Ridgley's Esau. And, 3. Things that fell Div., quest. 35. out of old, so as to illustrate present things from a similitude between them; as the allegory of Hagar and Sarah. Some distinguish them into real and personal; by the former, intending the tabernacles, temples, and religious institutions; and under the latter, including what are called providential and personal types. While we may TYTHE, the tenth part of all fruits, &c.; a revenue payable to the clergy. The tythes among the Jews were of three sorts. The first to the Levites, for their maintenance, Numb. xviii, 21-24. The second for the feasts and sacrifices, Deut. xiv, 22; and the third for the poor every third year, Deut. xiv, 28, 29. V and U VALENTINIANS, a sect who ing the Deity, whom they called sprung up in the second century, Pleroma, or Plenitude. Their sysand were so called from their tem was this: the first principle is leader Valentinus. The Valen- Bythos, i. e. Depth, which retinians were only a branch of themained many ages unknown, havGnostics, who realized or personi-ing with it Ennoe or Thought, and fied the Platonic ideas concern- Sige or Silence; from these sprung |