Q. As any whole number may be reduced to tenths, hun dredths, thousandths, &c. by annexing ciphers, (for multiplying by 10, 100, &c.) thus, 5 is 50 tenths, 500 hundredths, &c.; how, then, may any mixed number be read, as 25,4? A. 254 tenths, giving the name of the decimal to all the figures. Q. How is 25,36 read? A. 2536 hundredths. Q. How is 5,125 read? A. 5125 thousandths.

Q. What would 5125 thousandths be, written in the form of a vulgar or common fraction? A. §188.

This is evident from the fact, that 8 (an improper fraction), reduced to a mixed number again, is equal to 5,125. The pupil may learn the names of any decimal expression, as far as ten-millionths, also how to read or write decimals, from the following

310000000= 3 0000008 read 3, and 8 Ten-Millionths.

365 365, 0000 000 read 365.

Exercises for the Slate.

Write in decimal form 7 tenths, 42 hundredths, 62 and 2 hundredths, 7 and 426 thousandths, 24 thousandths, 3 ten-thou sandths, 4 hundredths, 2 ten-thousandths, 3 millionths.

Write the fractional part of the following numbers in th

202

of decimals, viz. 61, 1, 62, 210, 180, 2621000, 321880, 2100 000, 451008000, 710000000, 510050. Write the following decimal numbers in the form of ulgar or common fractions, then reduce them to their lowest terms by ¶ XXXVII; thus, 2,5—2—24 in its lowest terms.

Q. What money is adapted to decimal rules? A. Federal Money.

Q. What is the money unit? A. The dollar.

Q. How is it so adapted? A. As 10 dimes make a dollar, and 10 cents a dime, &c., dimes are 10ths of a dollar, cents are 100ths, and mills are 1000ths of a dollar.

Q. How are 3 dollars 2 dimes 4 cents and 5 mills written? A. $3,245.

ADDITION OF DECIMALS.

↑ LIII. Q. As we have seen that decimals increase from right to left in the same proportion as units, tens, hundreds, &c., how, then, may all the operations of decimals be performed? A. As in whole numbers.

Note. The only difficulty, which ever arises, consists in determining where the decimal point ought to be placed. This will be noticed in its proper place.

278

1 A merchant bought 5 barrels of rice at one time for $27, at another of a barrel for $4,255, at another of a barrel for $10, and at another of a barrel for $2100%; how many barrels did he buy in all? and what did they cost him?

627

From these illustrations we derive the following

RULE.

I. How are the numbers to be written down? A. Tenths under tenths, hundredths under hundredths, and so on.

II. How do you proceed to add? A. As in Simple Addition. III. Where do you place the separatrix? A. Directly under the separating points above.

More Exercises for the Slate.

2. James bought 2,5 cwt. of sugar, 23,265 cwt. of hay, and 4,2657 cwt. of rice; how much did he buy in all? A. 30,0307

cwt.

3. James is 14 years old, Rufus 15, and Thomas 16%; what is the sum of all their ages? A. 46,5 years.

4. William expended for a chaise $255, for a wagon $37, for a bridle $10, and for a saddle $11; what did these amount to? A. $304,455.

5. A merchant bought 4 hhds. of molasses; the first contained 62 gallons, the second 7225 gallons, the third 50 gallons, and the fourth 55

gallons; how many gallons did he buy in the whole? A. 240,6157 gallons.

6. James travelled to a certain place in 5 days; the first day he went 40 miles, the second 28 miles, the third 42% miles, the fourth 2200 miles, and the fifth 29 how far did he travel in all? A. 162,0792 miles.

miles;

7. A grocer, in one year, at different times, purchased the fol lowing quantity of articles, viz. 427,2623 cwt., 2789,00065 cwt., 42,000009 cwt., 1,3 cwt., 7567,126783 cwt., and 897,62 cwt.; how much did he purchase in the whole year? A. 11724,309742

cwt.

8. What is the amount of fo, 245, 6100, 24517000, 1108800, 1000, 427100000, 410, 1000000, and 1925 ? A. 2854,492472.

9. What is the amount of one, and five tenths; forty-five, and three hundred and forty-nine thousandths; and sixteen hundredths? A. 47,009.

SUBTRACTION OF DECIMALS.

↑ LIV. 1. A merchant, owing $270,42, paid $192.625 · how much did he then owe?

OPERATION

$270,42

$192,625

Ans. $77,795

For the reasons shown in Addition, we proceed to subtract, and point off, as in Sub traction of Federal Money.

Hence we derive the following
RULE.

1 How do you write the numbers down? A. As in Addition of Decimals.

II. How do you subtract? A. As in Simple Subtraction. III. How do you place the separatrix? A. As in Addition of Decimals.

More Exercises for the Slate.

1. Bought a hogshead of molasses, containing 60,72 gallons; how much can I sell from it, and save 19,999 gallons for my own use? A. 40,721 gallons.

2. James rode from Boston to Charlestown in 4,75 minutes Rufus rode the same distance in 6,25 minutes; what was the difference in the time? A. 1,5 min.

3. A merchant, having resided in Boston 6,2678 years, stated his age to be 72,625 yrs. How old was he when he emigrated

to that place? A. 66,3572 yrs.

Note. The pupil must bear in mind, that, in order to obtain the answer, the figures in the parentheses are first to be pointed off, supplying ciphers, if necessary, then added together as in Addition of Decimals.

4. From ,65 of a barrel take ,125 of a barrel; (525) take,2 of a barrel; (45) take ,45 of a barrel; (2) take ,6 of a barrel; (5) take,12567 of a barrel; (52433) take,26 of a barrel; (39) A. 2,13933 barrels.

5. From 420,9 pipes take 126,45 pipes; (29445) take,625 of a pipe; (420275) take 20,12 pipes; (40078) take 1,62 pipes, (41928) take 419,89 pipes; (101) take 419,8999 pipes; (10001). Ans. 1536,7951 pipes.

MULTIPLICATION OF DECIMALS. LV. 1. How many yards of cloth `n 3 pieces, each piece containing 20 yards?

OPERATION

20,75

In this example, since multiplication is a short way of performing addition, it is plain that we must point off as in addition. viz. directly under the separating points in the multiplicand; and, as either factor may be Ans. 62,25 yds. made the multiplicana, nad teen two

3

decimals in the multiplier also, we must have pointed off tw more places for decimals, which, counting both, would make 4 Hence we must always point off in the product as many places for decimals, as there are decimal places in both the factors. 2. Multiply,25 by,5.

,5

Ans. 125

In this example, there being 3 decimal places in both the factors, we point off 3 places in the product, as before directcd The reason of this will appear more evident by considering both the factors common fractions, and multiplying by ¶ XLI., thus;,25%, and 5=1; now 25 X 5 125 which, written decimally, is ,125, Ans., as before.

100X10

1000'

3. Multiply,15 by ,05.

OPERATION.

,15

,05

Ans. ,0075

In this case, there not being so many figures in the product as there are decimal places in both the factors (viz. 4), we place two ciphers on the left of 75, to make as many. This will appear evident by the

following;,15% and,05=180; then 0075, Ans., the same as before,

15 X 5

100X100

75

10000

From these illustrations we derive the following

RULE.

1. How do you multiply in Decimals? A. As in Simple Multiplication.

II. How many figures do you point off for decimals in the product? A. As many as are in both the múltiplicand and multiplier.

III. If there be not figures enough in the product for this purpose, how would you proceed? A. Prefix ciphers enough to make as many.

Q. What is the meaning of annex? A. To place after
Q. What is the meaning of prefix? A. To place before.

More Exercises for the Slate.

4. What will 5,66 bushels of rye cost, at $1,08 a bushel? A. $6,1128, or $6. 11 c. 2 m.

5. How many gallons of rum in ,65 of a barrel, each barrel containing 31 gallons? (20475) In,8 of a barrel? (252) In ,42 of a barrel? (1323) In‚6 of a barrel? (189) In 1126,5