When loaded on wagons, or stored in barns, 20 cubic yards make a ton.

When well settled in mows, or stacks, 15 cubic yards make a ton.

Note. These estimates are for medium-sized mows or stacks; if the hay is piled to a great height, as it often is where horse hay-forks are used, the row will be much heavier per cubic yard. When hay is baled, or closely packed for shipping, 10 cubic yards will weigh a ton.

To find the number of tons in long square stacks. RULE.-Multiply the length in yards by the width in yards, and that by half the altitude in yards, and divide the product by 15.

EXAMPLE.-How many tons of hay in a square stack 10 yards long, 5 wide, and 9 high?

SOLUTION.-10 × 5 × 41⁄2 = 225 = 15 = 15 tons.

Ans.

To find the number of tons in circular stacks. RULE.-Multiply the square of the circumference in yards by 4 times the altitude in yards, and divide by 100; the quotient will be the number of cubic yards in the stack; then divide by 15 for the 'number of tons.

EXAMPLE.-How many tons of hay in a circular stack, whose circumference at the base is 25 yards, and height 9 yards?

F

SOLUTION.-25 × 25

625, the square of the

=

225 (the number of

circumference; then 625 x 36 (four times the length), =225000 ÷ 100 = cubic yards), then 225÷15

tons.

= 15, the number of

An easy mode of ascertaining the value of a given number of lbs. of hay, at a given price per ton of 2000 lbs.

RULE.-Multiply the number of pounds of hay (coal, or anything else which is bought and sold by the ton) by one-half the price per ton, pointing off three figures from the right hand; the remaining figures will be the price of the hay (or any article by the ton).

EXAMPLE.-What will 658 lbs. of hay cost, @ $750 per ton?

SOLUTION. $7 50 divided by 2 equals $3 75, by which multiply the number of pounds, thus: 658 x $3 75 = 246.750, or $2 46. Ans.

Note. The principle in this rule is the same as in interest dividing the price by two gives us the price of half a ton, or 1000 lbs. ; and pointing off three figures to the right is dividing by 1000.

A truss of hay, new, is 60 lbs.; old, 56 lbs. straw, 40 lbs.

A load of hay is 36 trusses.
A bale of hay is 300 lbs.

For cattle of a girth of from 5 to 7 feet, allow 23 lbs. to the superficial foot.

For cattle of a girth of from 7 to 9 feet, allow 31 lbs. to the superficial foot.

For small cattle and calves of a girth of from 3 to 5 feet, allow 16 lbs. to the superficial foot.

For pigs, sheep, and all cattle measuring less than 3 feet girth, allow 11 lbs. to the superficial foot.

Measure in inches the girth round the breast, just behind the shoulder-blade, and the length of the back from the tail to the forepart of the shoulder-blade. Multiply the girth by the length, and divide by 144 for the superficial feet, and then mul.

tiply the superficial feet by the number of lbs. allowed for cattle of different girths, and the product will be the number of lbs. of beef, veal, or pork, in the four quarters of the animal. To find the number of stone, divide the number of lbs. by 14.

EXAMPLE. What is the estimated weight of beef in a steer, whose girth is 6 feet 4 inches, and length 5 feet 3 inches?

SOLUTION.

=

7642

76 inches girth, × 63 inches length, 4788 144 = 33 square feet, × 23 lbs., or 54g stone.

Ans.

Note. When the animal is but half fattened, a deduction of one lb. in every 20 must be made; and if very fat, one lb. for every 20 must be added.

Where great numbers of cattle are annually bought and sold under circumstances that forbid ascertaining their weight with positive accuracy, the estimated weight may be thus taken with approximate exactness-at least with as much accuracy as is necessary in the aggregate valuation of stock. No rules or tables can, however, be at all times implicitly relied on, as there are many circumstances connected with the build of the animal, the mode of fattening, its condition, breed, &c., that will influence the measurement, and consequertly the weight. A person skilled in estimat ing the weight of stock soon learns, however, to make allowance for all these circumstances.

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TO MEASURE CORN ON THE COB IN CRIBS

Corn is generally put up in cribs made of rails; but the rule will apply to a crib of any size or kind, whether equilateral, or flared at the sides. When the crib is equilateral.

RULE. Multiply the length in feet by the breadth in feet, and that again by the height in feet, which last product multiply by .63 (the fractional part of a heaped bushel in a cubic foot), and the result will be the heaped bushels of ears. For the number of bushels of shelled corn multiply by 42 (two-thirds of .63), instead of .63.