79. quamquam goes with temporibus diris; conf. note on line 60.

81. Crispi jucunda senectus. Vibius Crispus is ranked by Tacitus "inter claros magis quam inter bonos." Quintilian speaks highly of his eloquence, and calls him "compositus et jucundus. His wealth, made by public pleading, was proverbial. Martial, iv. 54, 7, speaks of a man as "divitior Crispo." He had 200,000,000 sesterces.

82. cujus erant mores, qualis facundia = tales qualis erat, "whose manners were like his eloquence;" and then, in explanatory apposition to the whole, comes mite ingenium, character made up of mildness."

84. comes, friend, see note on "proceres," supra.

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88. pendebat, hung in the balance, i.e. a single ill-timed word on the most trivial subject might be his ruin.

a

90. nec civis erat, qui posset, nor was he such a citizen as could; note the consecutive force of qui, which requires a subjunctive.

93. his armis, i.e. by his complaisance and readiness to go with the times.

94. ejusdem . . . ævi, genitive of quality.

The son,

Acilius. Of the father not much is known. Acilius Glabrio, had been consul with Trajan in 91 A.D., and was, according to Suetonius, executed by Domitian, because he was jealous of his skill in the arena. Juvenal, however, implies here (99-103) that Acilius fought in the arena as a way of feigning imbecility or madness, and so escaping the malignity of the

emperor.

95. indigno, quem mors maneret, who did not deserve that so cruel a death should await him. Dignus or indignus, followed by the consecutive use of qui, is the ordinary construction. Conf. "dignus sum qui hoc faciam," I am worthy to do this. See Virg. Æn. vii. 653-4.

96. domini, see note on line 71.

olim, now for a long time. manus sumpsi."

Pliny has "olim non librum in

97. prodigio par est, etc. gloomy commentary on this line. de nobilitate comesa," i. 34.

The Annals of Tacitus are a
Conf. also the expression

98. fraterculus esse Gigantis, to be a mere insignificant son of earth, i.e. a nobody. The Gigantes were sons of Terra.

Persius has the expression "progenies Terræ," vi. 17, for an unknown person.

100. Albana

arena. Domitian had an amphitheatre

fitted up at his Alban villa, on which see above, line 60.

101. venator. Wild beasts were first exhibited and killed in the amphitheatre in 186 B.C. There were three classes of men who fought with the animals-(1) Condemned criminals; these were usually called bestiarii. (2) Professional venatores, who were trained and kept like gladiators in venatoriæ familiæ. (3) Amateurs, like Glabrio here, who, either from taste, servility, or cunning, appeared in public as venatores. We hear that nobles and senators often did so. The name venationes was common to all exhibitions of the kind. See Appendix B, p. 160.

102. priscum illud . acumen, Brute, tuum. L. Junius, nephew of Tarquinius Superbus, on the murder of his brother by the king, feigned madness, and hence received the cognomen of Brutus, in order, as Livy says, that his intellect, lying hid under that name, might wait its opportunity to become the liberator of the Roman people, Livy, i. 56.

103. barbato

regi. Barbers are said to have been first introduced from Sicily about 300 B. C. Barbato here means "ancient," and so "simple." Conf. "intonsi Catonis," Hor. Od. ii. 15, 11. Conf. also Sat. v. 30, "capillato consule."

104. nec melior vultu, quamvis ignobilis, no brighter in countenance, although low-born. The nobles were the chief objects of imperial jealousy, but Domitian was fatal to all alike.

105. Rubrius was of Gallic origin, and had served under Nero and Vespasian.

offensæ veteris reus atque tacendæ, genitive of accusation after reus; reus properly is a party to a lawsuit (res); then it came to mean a defendant or criminal, equivalent to ò pévywv; while petitor was ὁ διώκων.

107. Montani, possibly the same man whom Tacitus mentions as having attacked Nero in a poem, "detestanda carmina factitantem," Ann. xvi. 28.

108. matutino amomo. The proper time for anointing would be after the bath, and before the dinner.

109. redolent duo funera. The dead body was anointed and perfumed before the cremation took place.

110. Pompeius, evidently a delator, but otherwise unknown. susurro, a word like murmur or turtur, which imitates by its pronunciation the thing represented by it.

111. qui vulturibus servabat viscera Dacis. Cornelius Fuscus was præfectus prætorio under Domitian, and was by him sent against the Dacians in 86 A.D. He and his whole army

were destroyed.

112. marmorea meditatus prælia villa. This is generally taken to mean that Fuscus was a mere carpet-warrior, too luxurious for the realities of war. This is, however, hardly consistent with what Tacitus says of him, "non tam præmiis periculorum quam ipsis periculis lætus." The words therefore probably mean, as Mr. Macleane thinks, that he preferred retirement and military studies to a court life.

113. prudens Veiento. For this man see note on Sat. iii. 166.

mortifero Catullo; his full name was L. Valerius Catullus Messalinus. Pliny, Ep. iv. 22, describing a supper with Nerva, says, "incidit sermo de Catullo Messalino qui luminibus orbatus ingenio savo mala cæcitatis addiderat."

116. a ponte satelles. Bridges were the ordinary stations for beggars. This does not mean that he ever had been a beggar, but that from his blindness and fulsome flattery he would have made a good beggar. Take, therefore, a ponte satelles in the relative clause after mendicaret.

117. dignus... qui mendicaret. See note above on line 95. Aricinos ad axes. Carriages on their way to Aricia, on the Appian Road, fifteen miles from Rome. There was a temple of Diana on the heath near Aricia, whither at certain times the wealthy Roman women resorted to offer vows, and it was probably the traffic along the road on these occasions which attracted a regular colony of beggars. Conf. Mart. ii. 19, 3, and x. 68.

118. devexæ, descending the hill.

121. pugnas Cilicis. The Cilix was a gladiator accoutred as a Cilician pirate, just as a Thrax was equipped in the Thracian

arms.

122. pegma. The pegma was a large wooden erection, with several platforms, which were arranged so as to rise or fall at will: they were used in theatres to represent the appearance or disappearance of gods, etc. Martial says, "ut crescunt media pegmata celsa via. We learn that on one occasion the story of Icarus was thus represented, when the boy fell from the pegma and sprinkled the emperor with his blood.

velaria (elsewhere "vela") were the awnings fastened by means of poles over the entire amphitheatre for protection against the sun.

123. ut fanaticus, œstro percussus. tuo, as if inspired with your frenzy. Fanaticus was properly a person belonging to a fane or temple, then one under the immediate influence of the god, as the Pythian priestess was. Estrus, properly a gadfly, conf. Virg. Georg. iii.; then, metaphorically, a divine frenzy.

124. Bellona. Prof. Mayor says that this name was applied to a new deity introduced from Cappadocia.

126. Britanno. Agricola was commanding in Britain during Domitian's reign. He was recalled in 84 A.D.

128. erectas in terga sudes, its fins (lit. wooden stakes), erected on its back, i.e. as if in defiance.

130. conciditur. For the mood see note on Sat. iii. 276. 132. quæ . . . colligat, final use of quæ.

133. debetur, is owed, i.e. is wanted.

Prometheus, used for a potter, as Vulcanus for a smith, Prometheus (poμn@ela, forethought) is represented in Greek mythology as a deity who helped to civilise the human race by teaching them the arts. But conf. Sat. viii. 133.

134. argillam, white clay, derived from the root arg, found in arg-entum, the bright metal; arg-uo, to make clear; arg-utus, clear in sound or shape; Argus, the bright heaven with its thousand eyes.

135. tua castra, appropriate to an imperator in the original sense of the word.

137. noctesque Neronis jam medias. Suetonius tells us that Nero protracted his banquets from midday to midnight. 138. aliamque famem, caused by the use of emetics. See note on line 67.

Falerno (sc. vino), wine grown on the north-west slopes of Campania.

140. Circeis, on the coast of Campania, not far from Terracina. Horace says, Sat. ii. 4, 33, "Ostrea Circeis, Miseno oriuntur echini."

141. Lucrinum ad saxum, at the rocks of the Lucrine lake, which was north-east of Baiæ, and produced excellent oysters.

Rutupino. . . fundo. Rutupia was the Roman town called afterwards Richborough, the site of which is not far from Sandwich. British oysters were celebrated at Rome. They were also obtained from Brundisium, Tarentum, and Cyzicus.

143. echini, a sea- urchin. See the line of Horace quoted above.

147. Cattis, a German tribe, occupying the district due east of Coblentz, and between the Rhine and the Maine. Domitian celebrated a triumph over them in 84 A.D., and called himself Germanicus in consequence.

Sicambris, a tribe north-east of Cologne.

...

149. præcipiti . . . pinna, on hasty wing; or possibly the Scholiast may have ground for asserting that letters containing good news were laureata, while those containing bad news were pinnatæ.

151. tempora sævitiæ, genitive of definition.

153. Cerdonibus is used in the digest as a proper name for slaves, just as Titius Seiusque (see line 13) represent ordinary citizens. The word literally means, workers for gain (kepdos), and so artizans. It here is opposed to Lamiarum. The actual murderer of Domitian was Stephanus, a freedman.

154. Lamiarum cæde madenti, reeking with the blood of the Lamiæ. Elius Lamia was put to death by Domitian; but he is only mentioned here to represent the class of nobles generally, against whom the emperors were especially bitter. See note on line 104. These last lines, together with the mention of the death of the younger Glabrio, help to fix the date of the Satire. Glabrio was put to death in 95. Domitian died in 96 A.D.

APPENDIX A.

THE SPORTULA.

ONE of the most regular, and it may be added one of the most irksome, of the duties owed by clients to their patrons was the early morning salutatio. As a return for this and other duties it had in earlier times been customary for the patron to invite them to dinner with him after the day's work was over; while on such special occasions as a birthday or a marriage, a publica cena would be given to all the clients together. This was probably the state of things till Nero's reign, when Suetonius tells us - Adhibitus sumptibus modus: publicæ cenæ ad sportulas redactæ." Instead of a regular dinner (recta cena) the client now received some portions of food, which he took away in a basket (sportula). For the sake of convenience this was soon commuted into a small money payment, usually 100 quadrantes, or 25 asses. The same custom was no doubt applied to the private as well as the publica cena, until sportula lost its original meaning and came to mean the money-dole only, as

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