1

original Greek text; whilst of those who consider that they fin traces of translation and of Hebrew origin,

1 Alber, Hermeneut. Novi Test., i. p. 239 ff.; Alford, Nov. Test. Gr., 1868, Proleg. i. p. 29; Anger, Ratio qua loci V. T. in Ev. Matt. laudantur, 1861; Bleek, Einl. N. T., p. 286 ff., p. 106 ff.; Beiträge, p. 62 ff.; Baumgarten-Crusius, Comment. Ev. d. Matth., 1844, p. 23; Basnage, Annal. Ad. A.C. 64, p. 729; Beza, Adnot. Maj. N. T.; Buslav, Dissert. de lingua orig. Evang., sec. Matth., 1826, 8; Calvin, Comment. in N. T.; Cellérier, Introd. au N. T., p. 256; Clericus, Diss. in quat. Evang., § 1; Cajetan, Comment. in quat. Evang.; Credner, Das N. T., 1847, ii. p. 173; Einl. N. T., i. p. 92 ff.; Gesch. N. T. Kanons, p. 136; Christianus, Das Ev. d. Reichs, 1859, p. 399 ff.; Davidson, Introd. N. T., i. p. 466 ff., 490; Delitzsch, Unters. üb. Entst. d. Matth. Ev., p. 12 ff., 111 f.; Erasmus, Ad Matth., viii. Schol. ad Hieron. Catal. Script. Eccles., v.; Ewald, Jahrb. bibl. Wiss., 1849, p. 210; Fabricius, Bibl. Græca ed. Harless, iv. 4, 7, p. 700 ff.; Flaccius, N. T. ex vers. D. Erasmi emend. &c., 1570, p. 1 ff. ; (cf. Neudecker, Einl. N. T., p. 195, anm. 1); Fritzsche, Evang. Matthæi recens. 1826, p. xviii. ff.; Gerhard, Annot. posth. in Ev. Matth., 1650, p. 35 ff.; Grawitz, Sur la langue orig. de l'Ev. de St. Matth., 1827; Grotius, Annotat. ad Matth., i. 8 ff.; Harless, Lucubr. Evang. can. spect., pars i., 1841; Hase, Das Leben Jesu, 1865, p. 3 f.; Hilgenfeld, Die Evangelien, p. 115 ff.; Einl. N. T., 1875, p. 463 f.; p. 495 ff.; Holtzmann, Die synopt. Ev., p. 264 ff.; Heydenreich, in Winer's Kr. Journal, iii. 1825, p. 129 ff., 385 ff.; Hug, Einl. N. T., ii. p. 52 ff.; Heidegger, Enchiridion, 1681, p. 705 ff.; Hofmann, Ad. Pritii Introd. in Lect. N. T., 1761, p. 307 ff.; Jortin, Remarks on Eccl. Hist., 2nd ed. i. p. 309 f.; Keim, Gesch. Jesu v. Nazara, i. p. 54 ff.; Köstlin, Urspr. synopt. Evv., p. 43; Koecher, Analecta philol. et exeg. &c., 1766; Kuhn, Das Leben Jesu, i.; Lardner, Supplt. to Credibility, &c., Works, vi. pp. 46-65; Lightfoot, Hora Hebr. ad Matth., i. 23; Works, xi. p. 21 ff.; Lessing, Theolog. Nachlass, pp. 45— 72; Vermischte Schr., vi. p. 50; Masch, Grundsprache d. Ev. Matth., 1755-8; Majus, Exam. Hist. Crit. Textus N. T., 1694, ch. v. vi.; Moldenhawer, Introd. ad Libr. Canon., p. 247 ff.; Neudecker, Einl. N. T., p. 200 ff.; Olshausen, Bibl. Comm, i. 4te aufl. p. 11 ff.; Paulus, Introd. in N. T. Cap. Select., 1799, p. 279; Theol. exeg. Conservatorium, 1822, i. p. 159 ff.; Exeg. H'buch, i. 1, p. 36 f.; Pritius, Introd. in Lect. N. T., 1764; Renan, Les Evangiles, 1877, p. 103 f., p. 175 n. 3; Reuss, Gesch. N. T., p. 189 ff.; Ritschl, Theol. Jahrb., 1851, p. 536 ff.; Row, Bampton Lectures, 1877, p. 270 f.; Rumpœus, Com. Crit. in N. T., p. 81 ff.; Schott, Isagoge, p. 68 ff.; Authent. d. kan. Ev. n. Matth. benannt, p. 83 ff., 105 ff.; Schubert, Diss. qua in Serm. quo Ev. Matth. conscript. fuerit inquiritur, 1810; C. F. Schmidt, Hist. Antiq. et vindicatio Canonis, 1775, p. 435 ff.; Schroeder, De lingua Matth. Authen., 1701; Scholten, Das ält. Evang., p. 249 f.; Steitz, Th. Stud. u. Krit., 1868, p. 85 ff.; Tischendorf, Wann wurden, u. s. w., p. 107 ff.; Theile, in Winer's N. Kr. Journal, 1824, i. p. 198 ff.; Volkmar, Der Ursprung, p. 6 ff.; Viser, Herm. Sacr.

some barely deny the independent originality of the Greek Gospel, and few assert more than substantial agreement with the original, with more or less variation and addition often of a very decided character.1 The case, therefore, stands thus: The whole of the evidence which warrants our believing that Matthew wrote any

N. T., pars ii. p. 344 ff.; Vogel, Entst. drei erst. Evv. Gabler's Journal f. auserl. Theol. Lit., 1804, i. 1; Weiffenbach, Die Papias-fragm., p. 124 ff.; De Wette, Einl. N. T., p. 196 ff.; Weizsäcker, Unters. üb. evang. Gesch., p. 31; Weiss, Th. Stud. u. Krit., 1861, p. 86 ff.; Wilke, Der Urevangelist, 1838, p. 691 f., et passim; Wilcke, Tradition und Mythe, p. 34 ff.; Wetstein, Nov. Test. Gr., i. p. 224. We do not pretend to give complete lists.

1 Baur, Unters. üb. kan. Evv., p. 580 ff. (a translation which by alterations and additions has more and more lost its original character); Bertholdt, Einl. A. und N. T., 1813, iii. p. 1114 ff., 1175 ff., 1257 ff.; Bolten, Bericht d. Matth. v. Jesu der Messia, 1792-S Vorrede; Corrodi, Beleucht. d. Gesch. d. Bibel-Kanons, ii. p. 149 ff.; Eckermann, Erklär. all. dunkl. Stellen N. T., i. p. xi.; Eichhorn, Einl. N. T., i. p. 302 ff.; Ebrard, Wiss. kr. evang. Gesch., p. 780 ff.; Fischer, Einl. in d. Dogm. d. evang.-luth. Kirche, 1828, p. 115 ff.; Feilmoser, Einl. N. T., 2 ausg. p. 38 ff.; Gieseler, Versuch Entst. schr. Evv., p. 120 ff.; Gratz, N. Versuch Entst. 3 crst. Evv. zu erklären, 1812; Hänlein, H'buch Einl N. T., iii. p. 30, 75 ff.; Kirchhofer, Quellensamml., p. 33, anm. 6, p. 86 f. anm. 1; Kern, Tübing. Zeitschr. f. Theol., 1834, 2 p. 14 ff., 43 ff., 122 ff.; cf. 1838, 2, p. 14f.; Klener, Recent. de Authentia Ev. Matth. quæst. recensentur, &c., 1832; Kuinoel, Comm. N. T., 1807, i. xvi.; Luthardt, De Compos. ev. Matth., 1861; Meyer, Kr. ex. H'buch üb. d. Ev. des Matth., 5te auf. p. 4 ff.; Michaelis, Einl. N. T., ii. p. 946 ff.; Neander, Das Leben Jesu Chr. 7te ausg., p. 8, p. 289; Niemeyer, Allg. Litteratur-zeit., 1832, No. 37; Osiander, Tüb. Zeitschr., 1836, 4 p. 77 f.; Reithmayr, Einl. N. T., 1852, p. 356 ff.; Schneckenburger, Urspr. erst. kan. Ev., 1834, p. 105 ff., 171; Schulz, Beiträge z. Lehre, v. heil. Abendmahl, 1 ausg. p. 302 ff.; Schulthess, Rosenmüller's Repert., 1824, ii. p. 172 f.; Schwegler, Das nachap. Zeit., i. p. 241 ff.; Semler, Uebersetz. v. Townson's Abh. üb. 4 Evv., 1783, i. p. 146 ff.; J. E. C. Schmidt, In Henke's Magazin, 1795, iv. p. 576; Einl. N. T., i. p. 60 ff.; Simon, Hist. crit. du N. T., p. 47 ff.; Storr, Zweck d. evang. Gesch. u. Br. Johannis, p. 360 f.; Tregelles, Orig. language St. Matth. Gospel, 1850. Note to Horne's Introd. to H. S., 12th ed., iv. p. 420; Thiess, N. Krit. Comment. N. T., i., Einl. p. 18 ff.; Venturini, Gesch. d. Urchristenthums, ii. p. 8, 41, 51; Weisse, Die evang. Gesch., i. p. 45 ff.; Weber, Beiträge z. Gesch. N. T. Kanons, 1791, p. 21 ff.; Versuch einer Beleucht. d. Gesch. d. Bibel-Kanons, 1792, ii. p. 150 ff.; Westcott, Introd. to Study of the Gospels, 1872, p. 223 f. note 2; Zahn, Th. Stud. u. Krit., 1866, p. 693 ff.

work at all, distinctly, invariably, and emphatically assts that he wrote that work in Hebrew or Aramaic ; a Greek Gospel, therefore, as connected with Matthew, can only be a translation by an unknown hand, whose accuracy we have not, and never have had, the means of verifying. Our Greek Gospel, however, being an independent original Greek text, there is no ground whatever for ascribing it even indirectly to Matthew at all, the whole evidence of antiquity being emphatically opposed, and the Gospel itself laying no claim, to such authorship.

One or other of these alternatives must be adopted for our first Gospel, and either is absolutely fatal to its direct Apostolic origin. Neither as a translation from the Hebrew nor as an original Greek text can it claim Apostolic authority. This has been so well recognized, if not admitted, that some writers, with greater zeal than discretion, have devised fanciful theories to obviate the difficulty. These maintain that Matthew himself wrote both in. Hebrew and in Greek, or at least that the translation was made during his own lifetime and under his own eye,2 and so on. There is not, however, a particle of evidence for any of these assertions, which

1 Bengel, Gnomon N. T., 1742, p. 3; Benson, Hist. of First Planting of Carist. Religion, i. p. 257; Guericke, Beiträge, 1828, p. 36 ff.; Einl. N. T., 2 aufl. p. 115; Gesammt. Gesch. N. T., p. 114 ff.; Hales, Analysis of Chronology, 1830, iii. p. 9 ff.; Horne, Introd. to H. S., 1869, iv. p. 420; Lange, Das Ev. Matth., p. 3; Bibelwerk, 1868, i.; Olshausen, Echtheit d. 4 kan. Evv., 1823, p. 18 ff.; Apost. Ev. Matth. origo def., 1835; Bibl. Comm. i. 4te aufl. p. 11 ff.; Sixtus Sen., Biblioth. Sanct., vii. p. 582; Schwarz, Solœcismi Discip. J. C., 1730; Thiersch, Versuch, u.s. w., p. 190 ff., 348 ff.; Townson, Works, i. p. 30 f. Cf. Milman, Hist. of Christianity, 1867, i. p. 386; cf. p. 422.

2 Ebrard, Wiss. krit. evang. Gesch., p. 786; Orelli conjectures that two disciples of Matthew wrote the Gospel, the one in Aramaic, the other in Greek. Selecta Patr. Eccles. Capita, p. 10.

are merely the arbitrary and groundless conjectures of embarrassed apologists.

It is manifest that upon this evidence both those who assert the Hebrew original of Matthew's work and those who maintain that our Gospel is not a translation but an original Greek composition, should logically deny its apostolicity. We need not say that this is not done, and that for dogmatic and other foregone conclusions many profess belief in the Apostolic authorship of the Gospel, although in doing so they wilfully ignore the facts, and in many cases merely claim a substantial but not absolute Apostolic origin for the work.' A much greater number of the most able and learned critics, however, both from external and internal evidence deny the Apostolic origin of our first Canonical Gospel.2

1 Alford, Greek Test., 1868, Proleg. i. p. 24; Bengel, Archiv f. Theol., vi. 1824, p. 572; Gnomon N. T., 1742, p. 3; Benson, Hist. First Planting of Chr. Religion, i. p. 257; Delitzsch, Entst. d. Matth. Evang., p. 110, cf. p. 7 f.; Ebrard, Wiss. krit. evang. Gesch., p. 787 ff.; Feilmoser, Einl. N. T., 2 ausg. p. 71 ff.; Fritzsche, Proleg. in Matth., 1826, p. 18 ff.; Guericke, Beiträge, pp. 23-36; Einl. N. T., p. 115; Gesammtgesch., p. 109 ff.; Gerhard, Annot. posth. in Evang. Matth., p. 38; Hales, Analysis of Chronology, iii. p. 9 ff.; Heydenreich, Winer's Kr. Journal, iii., 1825, p. 129 ff., p. 385 ff.; Zeitschr. Predegerwiss. v. Heyden u. Huffel, 1828, p. 10 ff.; Hengstenberg, Evang. Kirchenzeitung, 1858, p. 627 ff.; Heidegger, Enchiridion, p. 707; Horne, Introd. to H. S., iv. p. 421; Hug, Einl. N. T., 1847, ii. p. 4 ff., 90 ff., 111 f.; Kern, Tübinger Zeitschr. f. Theol., 1834, 2, p. 122 f., cf. p. 21; 1838, 2. p. 14 ; Kirchhofer, Quellensamml., p. 33, anm. 6, p. 86 ff. anm. 1; Lange, Bibelwerk N. T., i., Ev. in Matth., p. 2 ff.; Olshausen, Apost. Ev. Matth. origo def., 1835; Bibl. Commentar. 4te. Aufl. i. p. 11 f.; Reithmayr, Einl. N. T., 1852, p. 351 ff.; Schwarz, Solocismi Discip. J. C., &c., 1730; Tischendorf, Wann wurden, u. s. w., passim; Thiersch, Versuch, u. s. w., p. 190 ff., 348 ff.; Townson, Works, i. p. 30 ff.; Westcott, On the Canon, p. 62, et passim. Cf. Gieseler, Entst. schr. Evv., p. 120 ff.

* Baur, Krit. Unters. üb. kan. Evv., p. 571 ff.; B. Bauer, Krit. d. evang. Gesch. d. Synopt., 1846; Bleek, Synopt. Erkl. 3 erst. Evv. 1862, i. p. 6; Einl. N. T., 1866, § 110, p. 286 ff.; Beiträge, 1846, p. 62 ff.; BaumgartenCrusius, Comment. üb. Ev. Matth., 1844, p. 24 ff.; Bertholdt, Einl. A.

VOL. I.

I I

There is another fact to which we may briefly refer, which from another side shows that the work of Matthew

und N. T., 1813, iii. § 332, p. 1265 ff.; Bunsen, Bibelwerk, viii. p. 97 f., cf. p. 38; Corrodi, Versuch einer Beleucht. d. Gesch. J. u. Chr. BibelKanons, ii. p. 149 ff.; Christianus, Das Evang. des Reichs, 1859, p. 399 ff.; Credner, Das N. T., 1847, ii. p. 173 f.; Einl. N. T., i. § 47, p. 95 f.; Davidson, Introd. N. T., i. p. 484 ff.; Eichhorn, Einl. N. T., 1820, i. § 100 ff., p. 461 ff.; Ewald, Jahrb. bibl. Wiss., ii., 1849, p. 209 ff.; Büch. d. N. B. 1871, i. pp. 70 f., 82 ff.; Fischer, Einl. in d. Dogmatik, 1828, p. 115 ff.; Gfrörer, Gesch. d. Urchristenthums II., Die heil. Sage, 1838, i. p. 82 f., ii. p. 7, 249 f.; Allgemeine Kirchengesch., 1841, i. p. 167 ff.; Gratz, N. Versuch Entst. 3 erst. Evv. zu erklären, 1812; Hase, Das Leben Jesu, 1865, p. 3; Hausrath, N. T., Zeitgesch., 1874, iii. p. 317 ff.; Hilgenfeld, Die Evangelien, pp. 106-120; Einl. N. T. 1875, pp. 452 ff.; Holtzmann, Die synopt. Evv., § 18, p. 264 ff., 359 ff.; Klener, Recent. de authent. Evang. Matth. quæst., 1832; Keim, Jesu v. Nazara, i. p. 54 ff., 67 ff.; Köstlin, Urspr. d. synopt., p. 43 ff., 69 ff.; Lachmann, Th. Studien u. Krit., 1835, p. 577 ff.; Lücke, Th. Studien u. Krit., 1833, p. 497 ff.; Lessing, Theolog. Nachlass, 1784, p. 45 ff.; Meyer, Ev. des Matth., 5te Aufl. § 2, p. 3 ff.; G. Meyer, La Question Synoptique, 1878, pp. 12, 96 ff.; Neander, Leben Jesu, 7te Ausg. p. 8, p. 289; Neudecker, Einl. N. T., § 27, p. 209 ff.; Nicolas, Etudes crit. sur la Bible, N. T., p. 28 ff., 43; Niemeyer, Allgem. Literaturzeit., 1832, No. 37; Orelli, Selecta Patr. Eccles. Cap. 1821, p. 10; Plitt, De Comp. Evang. Synopt., 1860; Renan, Vie de Jésus, xiiime éd. p. 1. ff.; Les Evangiles, 1877, p. 173 ff.; Reuss, Gesch. N. T., § 195, p. 188; N. Rev. de Théol., ii. 1858, p. 46; Réville, Etudes crit. sur l'Ev. selon S. Matth., 1862; Rumpf, N. Rev. de Théol., v. 1867, p. 32; Schleiermacher, Th. Studien u. Krit., 1832, p. 735 ff.; Einl. N. T., 1845, pp. 240 f., 247 f.; Schneckenburger, Urspr. erst kan. Evang., 1834, p. 3 ff. 90 ff.; Beiträge, p. 24; Scherer, N. Rev. de Théol., 1861, viii. p. 292 ff.; J. E. C. Schmidt, Entwurf., u. s. w., Hencke's Mag., iv. p. 576 ff.; Einl. N. T., i. p. GS ff.; Schenkel, Das Charakterbild Jesu, 1864, p. 333 ff.; Schwegler, Das nachap. Zeitalter, i. p. 241 ff.; Scholten, Das ält. Evangelium, p. 240 ff., 248 ff.; cf. Die ält. Zeugnisse, u. s. w., p. 15 f.; Schulz, Bemerk. üb. Verf. d. Ev. n. Matth. Beit. z. Christ. Lehre v. heil. Abendmahl, 1 ausg., 1824, pp. 302-322; Schott, Authent. des kan. Ev. benannt nach Matth., 1837, herausg. v. Danz, p. 93 ff., 106 ff.; Schulthess, Rosenmüller's Bibl. exeg. Repertorium, 1824, ii. p. 172 f.; Semler, Vorrede z. Baumgarten's Unters. Theol. Streitigkeit, 1762, p. 52; Uebersetz. v. Townson's Abhandl. 4 Evv., 1783, i. p. 146 ff., 221, 290; Sieffert, Ursprung. d. erst. kan. Evv., 1832, p. 123 ff., 138 ff., 160 ff.; Strauss, Das Leben Jesu, 1864, p. 48 ff.; Stroth, Interpol. in Evang. Matth. in Eichhorn's Repertorium f. bibl. u. morgenl. Litt., ix. p. 99 ff.; Theile, Zur Biographie Jesu, 1836, p. 35; Tobler, Die Evangelienfrage, 1858; Volkmar, Der Ursprung, u. s. w., p. 6 ff.; Venturini, Gesch. des Urchristenthums, ii. p. 1 ff.; Weiffenbach, Die Papias-fragm.,