to a genus or kind; as, a generic usage, One who pleads the cause o. name. Specific. any person or thing. (ad, to; and vo catus, called.) General, pertaining to, or affecting all the individuals of a kind, or all the parts of a whole. Special. An ORDER includes two or more genera possessing certain characters in common. A CLASS includes several orders. Quadrupeds, birds, fishes, etc., are classes of animals. A KINGDOM is a grand division of natural objects, including several PELLO [pellatum], to call (L.) Hence, Appeal, lit., to call to. Hence, 1. To call upon another for the decision of a controverted question. 2. To call upon a superior court to decide a cause which has been tried in an inferior court, and decided against the party appealing. Appellant, one who appeals. classes. There are three kingdoms Appellate, pertaining to appeals; of nature: the animal, the vegetable, and the mineral kingdoms. 8. To Call. To CALL is to utter in a loud tone the name of some one at a distance, requesting him to come to you. A Calling is the pursuit or business to which a person is called by the allotment of Providence. Voco [vocatum], to call. (L.) Hence, Vocative, used in calling; as, the vocative case in grammar. Invoke, to call upon in the way of prayer. (in, upon.) as, appellate jurisdiction. Appellation, the name by which anything is called. Repeal, to recall; as, to repeal a law. To CHALLENGE is, 1. To call or To CRY is to utter a loud voice. Hence, Clamor, 1. A loud and continued Invocation, 1. The act of address-noise made by human voices. Hence, ing in prayer. 2. The form of words 2. Complaint and urgent demand. used in invoking. To Claim, lit., to cry out, "That's Convoke, to call together. (con, mine." Hence, 1. To affirm one's together.) right or title to a thing; as, he claims the property. 2. To ask for; as, to claim a debt. Revoke, to recall, as something granted or uttered; as, to revoke a sentence, a decree, a charter. (re, back.) Evoke, to call forth; as, to evoke spirits. To Exclaim, to cry out. (ex, out.) To Reclaim, 1. To claim back; as, to reclaim property that has passed into the hands of others. 2. To call Provoke, lit., to call forward. Pro- back from error or vice. (re, back.) voco, the Latin form of provoke, pri- To Proclaim, to make anything marily signified to call forward, or known by public outcry. (pro, challenge the bravest of an adverse abroad.) army to a single contest. Hence, Proclamation, originally, a notice 1. To make angry. 2. To excite; as, to provoke a smile. Advocate, among the ancient Romans, one who countenanced, by his presence, a party to a suit in court. Hence, one who pleaded the cause of another in court. Hence, in modern given by public outcry. Hence, an official notice given to the public, whether by outcry or otherwise. Acclamation, a shout of applause. (ad, to.) To Declaim, 1. To speak a set oration in public. 2. To harangue. 10. Of Letters. ALPHA, the first letter of the Greek A LETTER is, 1. A character re- alphabet. Hence, the first. presenting an elementary sound of OMEGA, the last letter of the Greek the human voice. 2. An epistle, be- alphabet. Hence, the last. cause it consists of written char- DELTA, a Greek letter of a triangular form, thus A. Hence, a tract of land included between the outlets of river; as, the delta of the Nile. acters. Letters, in the plural, Learning, because the alphabetic characters are the elements of all learning. We say a man of letters; the republic of letters, etc. Lettered, acquainted with letters, that is, learned. Unlettered, unlearned. a IOTA, the smallest letter of the Greek alphabet. Hence, a very small quantity or degree. JOT, a modification of the word iota, and having essentially the same meaning. ABECEDARIAN, pertaining to the alphabet; as, an abecedarian school. 12. To Write. LITERA, a letter. (L.) Hence, Literal, 1. According to the letter; as, the literal meaning of a word. Example. According to usage, the word metropolis signifies the chief city of a country; but literally, a metropolis is a mother city. (Gr., representing vocal sounds. unTap [mētēr], a mother; and ros [po- A HAND is any particular style of lis], a city. Figurative. 2. Closely writing; as, to write a fair hand; a following the words, (or, as it were, round hand. To WRITE is to trace characters the letters); as, a literal translation. A SCRAWL consists of one or more Free. 3. Consisting of letters; words written in a wretchedly poor as, a literal equation. Literature, all kinds of compositions, except those on the positive sciences. Literary, 1. Pertaining to literature; as, literary labors. 2. Versed in literature; as, a literary man. Literate, versed in letters. (Not used.) or Illiterate, ignorant of letters books. (in, not.) Learned. Literati, the learned men. Alliteration, the near collocation of words commencing with the same letter, as in the following lines: O'er the heath the heifer strays Obliterate, primarily, to efface letters. Hence, To efface any kind of marks, impressions, or traces. hand. SCRIBO [scriptum], to write. (L.) Hence, Scribble, 1. To write without care or elegance. 2. To fill with artless or worthless writing. Scripture, the Sacred Writings. Describe, lit., to write about. Hence, to give a representation of anything, either in writing or orally. (de, concerning.) Ascribe, lit., to write as belonging to. Hence, 1. To consider or allege to belong; as, to ascribe perfection to God. 2. To attribute; as, to ascribe an effect to a cause. (ad, to.) Ascription, the act of ascribing. Prescribe, lit., to write before. Hence, To direct formally by writing or otherwise. Prescription, 1. The act of prescribing. 2. That which is prescribed; as, a medical prescription. Proscribe, originally, to write and paste up in public the names of persons doomed to death. Hence, 1. To doom to destruction. 2. To put out of the protection of the law. 3. To forbid, utterly; as, to proscribe the A Telegram is a dispatch received use of ardent spirits. by telegraph. Proscription, the art of proscribing. Grammar is, according to the ety. Conscription, lit., a writing togeth-mology of the word, the science of er. Hence, A compulsory enrollment written language. of individuals for military service. 13. Designation of Letters from their (con, together.) Conscript, one taken by lot from the conscription list. (A word used in France.) Transcribe, to write over in the same words. (trans, over.) Transcript, a copy. Form. 1. The Roman is the common, upright character used by the English, and most other European nations. It has its name from having been used by the ancient Romans. Subscribe, lit, to write beneath. 2. The Italic character differs Hence, to give consent to something from the Roman, in being inclined, written, by writing one's name be- instead of upright. low. 2. To promise to give by writing one's name, as to subscribe a sum of money. 3. To assent; as, to subscribe to an opinion. Nondescript, not hitherto de. scribed; as, a nondescript animal or plant. (non, not.) 3. The Old English, or Gothic black-letter, is the character in which English books were first printed. 4. Saipt is the common manuscript character used in printing. IPATO [GRAPHо], μμ [ge-14. Designation of Letters According grammai], to write. Also, to draw or paint. (Gr.) Hence, Graphic, well delineated; as, a graphic description. Calligraphy, elegant penmanship. (Gr., nanos [calos], beautiful.) Stenography, a short hand. (Gr., OTOS [stenos], contracted.) Biography, a written account of the life and character of any person. (Gr., Bios [bios], life.) a A Monograph is a description of single thing, or class of things. (Gr., pares [monos], one.) An Autograph is a person's own handwriting. (Gr., avros [autos], self.) An Anagram is a transposition of the letters of a name, by which a new word is formed. Thus Galenus may be changed into angelus. (Gr., ava [ana], denoting transposition.) A Programme is a plan written out beforehand. (Gr., po [pro], beforehand.) A Diagram is a mathematical fig ure drawn for illustration. to their Size. In the following examples No. 1 is Diamond; No. 2 is Pearl; No. 3 is Agate; No. 4 is Nonpareil; No. 5 is Minion; No. 6 is Brevier; No. 7 is Bourgeois; No. 8 is Long Primer; No. 9 is Small Pica; No. 10 is Pica; No. 11 is English; No. 12 is Great Primer. No. 1. Diligence, industry, and proper improvement of time, are material duties of the young. honorable occupations of youth. No. 2. The acquisition of knowledge is one of the most No. 3. Virtuous youth gradually brings forward accomplished and flourishing manhood. No. 4. Sincerity and truth form the basis of every virtue. No. 5. Whatever purifies, fortifies also the heart. No. 6. Time once past never returns. No. 7. The moment which is lost, is lost forever. No. 8. He that can not live well to-day, will be less qualified to live well to-morrow. A Telegraph is an apparatus by No. 9. Charity, like the sun, which written signals are transmitted to a great distance. (Gr., THE [tele], brightens every object on which it shines. afar.) No. 10. Reveal none of. The SEMIVOWELS are capable of the secrets of thy friend. No. 11. He that hath pity on the poor, lendeth to the Lord. No. 12. If enemy be hungry, being sounded imperfectly without The LIQUIDS are the letters 1, m, n, ng, and r. They are called liquids, on account of the smoothness of their sound. The LABIALS are consonants, which require the aid of the lips in their articulation, as b, p, m, w, wh, f, and V. (L., labium, a lip.) to The DENTALS are consonants, which require the aid of the teeth in their articulation, as f and v. (L., dens, a tooth.) 15. Classification of Letters according to the nature of the Sounds which they represent. The LINGUALS are consonants, which require the aid of the tongue in their articulation, as d, t, th, 1, n, r, s, and z. (L., lingua, the tongue.) The letters of the alphabet consist of two general classes, to wit: vowels The PALATALS are consonants, which and consonants. require the aid of the palate in their articulation, as t, d, and 1. A VOWEL is a letter representing a simple inarticulate sound, as, a, e, i, o, u. (L., vox, the voice, the vowels being voice sounds.) The SIBILANTS are hissing consonants, as s, sh, and th sharp. (L., sibilo, to hiss.) 16. Of Figures of Speech. A CONSONANT is a letter which can be perfectly sounded only in connection with a vowel, as b, c, d. (L., A FIGURE OF SPEECH is a con, together; and sonans, sounding.) mode of expression in which the Another division of letters is the words are to be understood otherwise division into vocals, subvocals, and than in their natural and proper aspirates. The VOCALS are the same with the Vowels. (L., vox, the voice.) The SUBVOCALS are those consonants which have an imperfect vocality. They are b, d, g, j, l, m, n, ng, r, v, z, zh and th, as heard in then. The ASPIRATES are those consonants whose enunciation is characterized by a breathing, which is entirely unaccompanied by vocality. The aspirates are f, k, p, s, t, h, ch, sh, wh and th, as heard in thin. (L., ad, at; and spiro, to breathe.) The consonants have also been divided into mutes and semivowels. sense. "A COMPARISON, or SIMILE, is an The MUTES can not be heard at all, affirmation of the likeness of one except in combination with the vow- thing to another, and is expressed els. They are k, p, and t. (Mute, by as, like, so, or some other term of dumb.) resemblance." EXAMPLES.-His eyes were as a flame of fire, and his voice as the sound of many waters.Rev. i: 14. She walks in beauty like the night Of cloudless climes and starry skies; And all that 's best of dark and light, Meets in the aspect of her eyes.-Byron. "A METAPHOR is an affirmation or representation, by words, that an agent, object, quality or act is that which it merely resembles." EXAMPLES.-God is a sun and a shield.-Ps. And this our life, exempt from public haunts, brooks, Sermons in stones, and good in everything. Shakspeare. (Gr., μera [mela], over, and wip [phero], to carry.) "The METONYMY is a change of name, by the denomination of a thing by a noun that is not its proper nor its metaphorical denominative, but is the proper name of something with which, as a scene, place, cause, effect, or source, it is intimately connected." EXAMPLES.-A clear head, for a clear mind. A good table, for good food. In these green days Reviving sickness lifts her languid head, Life flows afresh, and young-eyed health exalts The whole creation round.-Thomson. Here sickness and health are put for the persons who are the subjects of them. (Gr., ura [meta], denoting change; and crua [onyma], a name.) "A HYPOCATASTASIS is a substitution, without a formal notice, of an act of one kind, with its object or conditions, for another, in order, by a resemblance to, to exemplify that for which the substitute is used. Thus, a person attempting to accomplish something which, either from its nature or his condition, is impossible, or extremely difficult, is said to 'undertake to force his bark against wind and tide,' a work of one kind which is known to be hopeless, being employed to exemplify the impracticableness of the other." Ho, every one that thirsteth, come ye to the waters, and he that hath no money, come ye without money and without price.-Is. l: 1, 2. buy and eat; yea, come buy wine and milk, "Here hunger and thirst, necessities of the body, are substituted for the analogous wants of the soul; and water, milk, honey, and bread, for the gifts of grace, by which those spiritual wants are supplied." (Gr., υποκατάστασις hypocatastasis), a substitution.) "An APOSTROPHE is a direct address, in a speech, argument, narrative, or prediction, to a person or object that is the subject of the discourse; or to one who hears, and is to form a judgment respecting it; as when an advocate in a plea suspends his narrative or argument to the jury, and makes an appeal to the judge; or when an orator, in depicting the life of one who has departed, arrests the story, and addresses himself directly "The SYNEC DOCHE is the use of a to the dead as though he were present term that properly denotes only a and aware of what is taking place." part of a thing, or one of a kind, in "Immaterial things are often apostroplace of one that denotes the whole; or of one that denotes the whole, instead of one that signifies only a part; as, a species for a genus, or a genus for a species; a day for time; the hand for the whole person." (Gr., [syn], together; and indexqua [ecdechomai], to take.) συν phized; and in these instances the objects addressed are also treated according to their proper nature." EXAMPLES. Domestic happiness, thou only bliss Of Paradise that has survived the fall! O, memory! thou fond deceiver, And turning all the past to pain.—Goldsmith. Millon. "The HYPER BOLE is an exhibition of things as greater or less in dimensions, more or less in number, or better or worse in kind, than they really are; as when we say of a large man, he is a giant; or of a small one, he is [strophe], a turning.) a pigmy." (Gr., ir [hyper], be- "The PROSOPOPIA, or PERSONIFIyond; and Bin [ballo], to cast.) (Gr., aro [apo], aside; and T CATION, is an ascription of intelli |