VI. Gold coins are a legal tender for any amount; silver coins, of the present coinage, for any amount not exceeding $5 in any one payment; bronze and nickel coins for any amount not exceeding 25 cents in any one payment.

MENTAL EXERCISES.

1. How many cents in $? $? ${? $}? $!? $}? ${?

2. What part of a dollar is 10 cts.? 12 cts.? 20 cts.? 25 cts.? 16] cts.? 33 cts. 37 cts.? 50 cts.? 62 cts.? 75 cts.? 83 cts.?

3. What part of 5 eagles is 15 dimes? what part of 12 cents is ! of a dime?

4. How many eagles in 60 dollars? in 400 dimes? in 8500 cents! in 25,000 mills?

ENGLISH, OR STERLING MONEY.

251. English, or Sterling Money, is the legal currency of England.

I. NAME. The term Sterling is supposed to be derived from Easterling, the name given to early German traders, who came from the east to England. Their money was called Easterling Money, which was contracted into Sterling Money.

II. TERMS.-The term farthing is a modification of "four things," the old English penny being marked with a cross so deeply impressed that it could be broken into two or four pieces, called respectively half-penny and four things. The Pound, as a measure of value, was derived from the pound as a measure of weight, 240 pence formerly weighing a pound The guinea is so called because the gold of which it was first made came from Guinea, in Africa.

III. SYMBOLS.-The symbols £., s., d., qr., are the initials of the Latin words libra, solidus, denarius, and quadrans; signifying respectively, pound, shilling, penny, and quarter.

IV. UNIT.-The unit is the pound, represented by the sovereign and £1 bank note.. Its value by late act of Congress is fixed at $4.8665. V. COINS.-The coins are of three classes: gold, silver, and copper. The gold coins are the sovereign (=£1), and half sovereign (=106.), guinea (=218.) and half guinea (=10s. 6 d.). The silver coins are the crownL (58.), the half crown (=2 s. 6 d.), the florin (=2 s.), the shilling, and the six-penny, four-penny, and three-penny pieces. The copper coins are the penny, half-penny, and farthing.

VI. COMPOSITION.-The standard for gold coins is 22 carats fine, that is, 11 parts pure gold, and 1 part alloy. The standard for silver is 37 parts pure silver and 3 parts alloy, hence the silver coins are pure, and cop Pence and half-pence are made of pure copper.

per.

7. What part of 2 pence is 6 farthings? What part of 3 shillings

is 5 pence?

}

8. What part of 16 pence is of a shilling? What part of a guinea is of a pound?

WRITTEN EXERCISES,

1. How many pence in £16 11 s. 10 d.?

SOLUTION.-In one pound there are 20 shillings, and in £16 there are 16 times 20 shillings, which, increased by 11s., are 331 shillings. In one shilling there are 12 pence, and in 331 shillings there are 331 times 12 pence, which, increased by 10 pence, equals 3982 pence.

2. How many pounds, shillings, and pence in 4367 pence?

SOLUTION.-There are 12 pence in one shilling, hence in 4367 pence there are as many shillings as 12 is contained times in 4367, which are 363 shillings and 11 d. remaining. There are 20 shillings in one pound, hence in 363 shillings there are as many pounds as 20 is contained times in 363, which are £18 and 3 shillings remaining. Hence in 4367 d. there are £18 3 s. 11 d.

OPERATION.
d.
12)4367

2|0)363 - 11 d.

£18 - 38.

Ans. £18 3 N. 11 d.

3. How many farthings in 9 s. 8 d. 3 far.? Ans. 467 far. 4. Farthings in £19 17 s. 11 d. 2 far.? Ans. 19102 far. 5. Shillings, pence, and farthings, in 7859 far.?

Ans. 163 s. 8 d. 3 far.

6. Pounds, shillings, etc., in 58763 far.?

Ans. £61 4 s. 2 d. 3 far.

CANADA MONEY.

252. The Currency of Canada is nominally the samc as that of the United States, the table and denominations being the same.

253. The decimal currency was adopted in 1858, the Act taking effect in 1859, previous to which their currency was the same as the English.

I. COINS.-The coins consist of silver and copper. The silver coins are the 50-cent piece, the 25-cent piece, the shilling or 20-cent piece, the dime, the half-dime. The copper coin is the cent.

IV. VALUE.-The coins are nominally equal to the corresponding coins of United States money, but the intrinsic value is a little less. The eagle of the United States is the legal tender for sums of $10 and upwards. III. COMPOSITION.-The silver coins consist of 925 parts silver and 75 parts copper; or 37 parts silver to 3 parts copper, the same as the English silver coins.

FRENCH MONEY.

254. French Money is the legal currency of France. The unit is the franc, whose value is 19.3 cents.

255. The Franc is divided into tenths and hundredths, called respectively decimes and centimes. The decime, like our dime, is not used in business calculations, but is expressed by centimes; thus, instead of 5 decimes we say 50 centimes.

GERMAN MONEY.

256. The German Empire has adopted a new and uniform system of coinage.

257. The Unit is the mark (Reichsmark) worth 23.85 cents, and this is divided into 100 pfennige.

WRITTEN EXERCISES.

1. How many dollars in 25.50 francs?

2. How many francs in $256?

Ans. $4.9215. Ans. 1326.42+fr.

3. How many dollars in 753 marks 15 pfennige?

Ans. $179.626+.

4. How many marks in $456.25? Ans. 1913-marks. 5. Bought an opera-glass for 20 francs; what did it cost in United States money? Ans. $3.86.

MEASURES OF WEIGHT.

258. Weight is the measure of the force by which bodies are naturally drawn towards the earth.

259. There are three kinds of weight in common use. Troy Weight, Apothecaries' Weight, and Avoirdupois Weight.

TROY WEIGHT.

260. Troy Weight is used in weighing gold, silver, jewels, liquors in philosophical experiments, etc.

.NAME.-The term Troy is said to be derived from Troyes, the name of a town in France, where this weight was first used in Europe. It was brought from Cairo in Egypt during the crusades of the 12th century.

II. TERMS.-The term pound is from the Latin pendo, to bend or weigh. The term ounce is from the Latin uncia, a twelfth part, the ounce being one-twelfth part of a pound. The pennyweight was the weight of the old English silver penny. The term grain originated in the custom of using a number of grains of wheat for the weight of a penny. These grains were taken from the middle of the ear, and well dried, thirty-two at first, and afterwards twenty-four, being used to make a pennyweight.

III. SYMBOLS.-The symbol oz. is thought to be from the Spanish word onza, signifying ounce; though Webster derives it from the use of the termination 3 to express abbreviations, which was afterwards changed to z, b. is from libra, the Latin for pound. Put. is a combination of p. for penny, and wt. for weight.

IV. UNIT.-The standard unit of weight is the Troy pound. It is equal the weight of 22.794377 cubic inches of distilled water, at the tempera ture of 39.83° Fahrenheit, barometer at 30 inches.

How many

MENTAL EXERCISES.

1. Grains in 6 pwt.? 5 pwt.?
2. Pwt. in 72 gr.? in 144 gr.?
3. Pwt. in 7 oz.? 9 oz.?

4. Ounces in 100 pwt.? 60 pwt?

5: Ounces in 9 lb.? 11 lb.?
6. Pounds in 120 oz.? 144 oz.?

7. What part of a pound Troy are 4 oz.? 6 oz.? 8 oz.?
8. How many parts pure gold in a ring 18 carats fine?

How many

WRITTEN EXERCISES.

1. Grains in 7 pwt. 15 gr. ?

2. Grains in 5 oz. 14 pwt. 13 gr.?

Ans. 183 gr. Ans. 2749 gr.

3. Lb., oz., and pwt. in 758 pwt.? Ans. 3 lb. 1 oz. 18 pwt. 4. Oz., pwt., and gr. in 6275 gr.? Ans. 18oz. 1 pwt. 11 gr. 5. Grains in 19 lb. 11 oz. 17 pwt. 19 gr.? Ans. 115147 gr. 6. Pounds, oz., etc., in 18759 gr.?

Ans. 3 lb. 3. 1 pwt. 15 gr.

APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT.

261. Apothecaries' Weight is used in prescribing and mixing dry medicines. Medicines are bought and sold by Avoirdupois Weight.

I. NAME.-The name arises from the weight being used by apothecaries. II. TERMS.-The term scruple is from the Latin scrupulus, a little stone. The term dram is from the Greek drachma, a piece of money.

III. SYMBOLS.-The symbols have been supposed to be modifications of the figure 3, suggested by there being 3 scruples in a dram. Another supposition is that they are from inscriptions upon the ancient monuments of Egypt.

IV. UNIT.-The Unit is the pound, and is identical with the Troy pound, as are also the ounce and grain, the ounce being differently divided.

V. Physicians use the Roman notation in writing prescriptions, using the small letters, preceded by the symbols, and writing j for i when it terminates a number. Thus, 12 gr. is written gr.xij.; 2 scruples, ij. R is an abbreviation for recipe, take; a or aa (from the Greek ává) means, of each; 88. for semis or half, as ivss. means 4 scruples; P. for particula, or little part; P. aeq. for equal parts; q. p., quantum placet, as much as you please.

7. How many doses of 8 grains each, can be made from an ounce of quinine?

5. Pounds, etc., in 92375gr.? Ans. 16tb. 33. 19 15gr.

6. How many pills of 4gr. each, can be made from 33 29 of calomel?

Ang 55.