MAGNON, John, a French poet, who formed ans. It is the universal doctrine of the Mano a plan of writing an Encyclopedia in verse; he metans that their religion is to be propagated was murdered in 1662 by the sword, and that all true museulen are MAGNUS, John, archbishop of Upsal, who bound to fight for it. To reconcile the minds warmly opposed the reformation in Sweden, of which country he wrote a history in 24 books; he died in 1544.

MAGNUS, Olans, brother of the preceding, and his successor as archbishop. He is author of a folio work on the manners and customs of the people of the North; he died in 1560. MAHMED, Aga, a noble Persian, of great renown as a warrior; he died in 1788.

of the cowardly, and add vigour to the brave, he invented his doctrine of fate and destiny telling them, that those who were slain in battle, though they had tarried at home in their houses, must, nevertheless, have died at that moment, the time of every man's life being predetermin ed by God; but that those who died fighting for the faith, gained the advantage of dving mar tyrs for their religion, and immediately entered MAHOMET, or MOHAMMED, a celebrated into Paradise, as the reward of it. Having at impostor, and founder of the Mahometan reli-length been established in the temporal sove gion, born in 571, at Mecca, a city of Arabia, reignty, which he had long been aiming at, Ma of the tribe of the Korashites, which was reck-homet assumed all the insignia belonging there oned the noblest in all that country, and was de-to; still retaining the sacred character of chief scended in a direct line from Pher Koraish, the pontiff of his religion, as well as the royal with founder of it. In his 40th year he began to which he had been invested. He transmitted take upon him the style of the Apostle of God, them both together to all his successors, who and under that character to propagate the im-by the title of caliphs reigned after him. He posture which he had concerted. On his first died Sept. 12, 632, in consequence of having, 3 appearance, he was treated with derision and years before, eaten of a shoulder of mutton contempt, and called by the people, a sorcerer, which had been poisoned by a daughter of his magician, liar, impostor, and teller of fables, of host, at Caibar. He was buried in the place which he frequently complains in the Koran; where he died, which was in the chamber of his so that for the first year he made little or no pro-best-beloved wife, at Medina, where he lies to gress; but persevering in his design, which he this day.

managed with great address, he afterwards gain- MAHOMET I., emperor of the Turks, was ed many proselytes, among which were some son of Bajazet I., and succeeded his brother of the most considerable men of the city. The Moses, whom he slew in 1413. He restored the main arguments which Mahomet used to delude power of the Ottomans to its ancient glory. men into a belief of this imposture, were pro- MAHOMET II., the 11th sultan of the Turks mises and threats, being those which he knew was born at Adrianople, in 1420; and is to be would work the easiest ou the affections of the remembered chiefly for taking Constantinople, vulgar. His promises were chiefly of paradise; in 1453, and thereby driving many learned which with great art he framed agreeably to the Greeks into the West, which was a great cause customs and taste of the Arabians: for they, ly-of the restoration of learning in Europe, as the ing within the torrid zone, were, through the Greek literature was then introduced there. Ile nature of their climate, as well as the then ex-was the first of the Ottoman emperors whom cessive corruption of their manners, exceeding-the Western nations dignified with the title of ly given to the love of women; and the scorch-Grand Seignior, or Great Turk; which posteriing heat and dryness of the country making ri-ty has preserved to his descendants. He died vers of water, cooling drinks, shaded gardens, in 1481.

and pleasant fruits, most refreshing and delight- MAHOMET III. succeeded his father Amuful to them, they were from hence apt to place rath III., in 1595. He began his reign by strangtheir highest enjoyment in things of this nature;ling 19 of his brothers, and drowning 10 of his and therefore, to answer the height of their car-father's wives. He invaded Hungary with nal desires, he made the joys of heaven to con- 200,000 men, and died in 1603. sist totally in these particulars, which he promi- MAHOMET IV., emperor of the Turks, re ses them abundantly in many places of the Ko-duced Candia with the loss of 200.000 men; he ran. On the contrary, he described the punish-then invaded Poland, and laid the kingdom unments of hell, which he threatened to all who der an annual contribution, of 20,000 crowns. would not believe in him, to consist of such tor-He was afterwards deposed, and died in 1691. ments as would appear to them the most afflict- MAHOMET V., succeeded to the throne, in ing and grievous to be borne: as that they should 1730. He was more respectable for his pacific drink nothing but boiling and stinking water, disposition than for his military exploits; he nor breathe any thing but exceeding hot winds, died in 1754. things most terrible in Arabia; that they should MAHUDEL, Nicholas, a physician, at Paris, dwell for ever in continual fire, intensely burn-author of a "Dissertation on the ancient Spaing, and be surrounded with a black, hot, saltnish Money;" He died in 1747.

smoke, as with a coverlid, &c., and, that he MAIER, Michael, a celebrated German almight omit nothing which could work on their chymist, who wrote 10 treatises on his profesfears, he terrified them with the threats of griev-sion. He lived in the 17th century. ous punishments in this life. He pretended to MAIGNAN, Emanuel, a native of Toulouse, receive all his revelations from the angel Ga-an able mathematician, and philosopher, and briel, who, he said, was sent from God on pur-for some time, filled a professional chair, at pose to deliver them to him. He was, it seems, Rome; he died in 1676.

Bubject to the falling sickness, so that, whenever MAIGROT, Charles, a learned doctor of the the fit was upon him, he pretended it to be a Sorbonne, bishop of Conon. He went mistrance, and that then the angel Gabriel wassionary to China, and wrote an Examination of come from God with some new revelations to the Chinese worship, &c.; he died in 1730. him. His pretended revelations he put into se MAILLA, Joseph Anne Maria de Moyrice veral chapters, the collection whereof makes up le, a jesuit, born in Savoy, a most learned and the Kora which is the bible of the Mahomet-amiable man, who spent 45 years as a mission

ary in China. He translated the "Great Annals of China," published in 12 vols. 4to.; and died, at Pekin, in 1748.

MAILLARD, Oliver, a French doctor of divinity, eminent as a preacher, and author of 3 vols. of Latin Sermons; he died in 1730. MAILLE DE BREZE, Simon de, archbishop, of Tours, was distinguished at the council of Trent. He died in 1597.

MAILLE, Francis, a native of Provence, celebrated for his longevity and the gallantries of his old age; he died in 1709, aged 119. MAILLE, Urban de, marquis de Breze, well known as a warrior, and afterwards as ambassador, from France to Sweden, and Holland; he died in 1650. His son was distinguished as a naval officer.

quired eminence by his treatises on the Nervous Fluid, and on Magnetism; he died in 1787.

MAIRET, John, a French poet, patronised by cardinals Richelieu and La Valette; he died in 1686.

MAISIERES, Philip de, who was made counsellor of state by Charles V., and governor of the dauphin. Disgusted with the world he retired from it, and died in 1405.

MAISTRE, Anthony le, born in Paris, retiring from the bar, he led a life of austerity, and wrote the life of St. Bernard, &c.; he died in 1658.

MAISTRE, Lewis Isaac le. He took orders, but being suspected of Jansenism, he was thrown into the bastile, where he translated the Bible, with annotations, in 32 vols. 8vo; he died in 1684.

MAILLEBOIS, N. count de, lieutenant general in the French armies, distinguished himself MAITLAND, John, lord of Thyrlestane. He in the German wars; and died in 1792. practised law with great success, and was by MAILLEBOIS, John Baptist Desmarets, dis-James VI., made secretary of state, and the tinguished himself in the wars of Spain and Italy, and the conquest of Corsica, for which he was made marshal of France; be died in 1762. MAILLET, Benedict de, a learned French-" man, for 16 years consul general, in Egypt, and author of an account of that country; he died in 1738

lord chancellor of the kingdom; he died in 1595 MAITLAND, William, a voluminous writer, who published histories of "Scotland" and London," was born in 1693, and died in 1757. MAITTAIRE, Michael, a learned editor of the Latin and Greek classics, born in London, in 1668, died in 1747.

MAIMBOURG, Lewis, a French divine, cele- MAIUS, or MAY, John Henry, a Lutheran brated in the republic of letters, born in 1610, divine, of Germany, professor of oriental iandied in 1686. He wrote the "History of Ari-guages at several universities, and author of anism, of the Croisades, of the Decay of the several works; he died in 1719. Empire, of Lutheranism, of Calvinism, of the MAJOR, John an eminent English divine, Pontificate of St. Leo;" and was composing divinity professor, and provost of the universithe "History of the Schism of England" whenty of St. Andrews. He wrote several works in he died. Latin, and died about 1550.

MAIMONIDES, Moses, or Moses the son of MAJOR, John Daniel, a native of Breslaw, Maimon, a celebrated rabbi, called by the Jews and medical professor at Kiel, where he found The Eagle of the Doctors, born in Spain, ined a botanical garden. He wrote on natural 1131, died in 1201. Of the works of Maimoni-history, and died in 1693.

des, the most considerable is his "Jad," which MAJORAGIUS, Mark Anthony, professor of has always been esteemed a great and useful belles lettres, and author of some learned comwork, being a complete code or pandect of Jew-mentaries; he died in 1555. ish law, digested into a clear and regular formi, and illustrated throughout with intelligent comments of his own.

MAINFROY, prince of Tarento, and king of Sicily by usurpation. He besieged Rome, but was afterwards defeated and slain, in 1266.

MAJORIANUS, Julius Valerius, emperor of the West, was successful in his war against the Vandals. He was universally respected for his virtues; but was murdered in 461.

MAKIN, Thomas, one of the first settlers of Pennsylvania, known as the author of two Latin MAINTENON, Francis d' Aubigne, Mad-poems, published in 1728. ame de, wife of Scarron, the French poet, and MALACHI, the last of the 12 minor prophets. afterwards of Louis XIV.; she was born in the He foretold chiefly the coming of John the prison at Niort, in 1635. She founded the cele-Baptist. brated convent of St. Cyr, at Versailles, for the MALACHY, St., a learned Irish bishop, who maintenance of 36 nuns, ladies of quality, and died in 1148. 24 assistant sisters. Upon this foundation, MALAGRIDA, Gabriel, an Italian jesuit, for which the king sufficiently endowed, 300 young a long time regarded as a saint, and consulted ladies of distinction were received and educa- as an oracle. He was afterwards burnt alive, ted gratis. Her life of penitential piety after her in 1761, at the age of 75, as a false prophet. marriage atoned for her ingratitude to madame MALAVAL, Francis, a Frenchman, who de Montespan, who raised her from indigence, although he lost his sight when only nine months and whom she supplanted; her extensive chari-old, acquired celebrity as a mystical writer on ty to the poor, and exemplary life, from this quietism; he died in 1719. period, made amends to society; she died in 1719.

MAIRAN, John James d'Ortons de, a French philosopher, who succeeded Fontenelle, as secretary to the academy of sciences. He was author of a "Treatise on Phosphoric Light," &c., and died in 1771.

MALAVAL, John, a native of Pezan, who gained eminence at Paris, as a surgeon; he died in 1758.

MALBONE, Edward G., a distinguished miniature painter, born at Rhode-Island; he died in 1807.

MALCOLM IV., grandson of David, king of Scotland. He was a liberal and benevolent prince, and founded several monasteries; he

MAIRE, Jolm le, a French poet, who wrote sone indecent allegories, and died about 1548. MAIRE, James le, a Dutch navigator, who indied in 1165. 116. sailed to South America, New-Guinea, and In via: he died in 1617.

MAIRE, N. le, a surgeon of Lyons, who ac

MALCOLM, James Peller, a native of Ame rica, who went to England, and studied painting at the Royal Academy; but afterwards took to

engraving. He became a member of the Society| MALLET, David, or MALLOCH, a dramatic of Antiquaries; and among other works, pub-writer, born in Scotland about 1700. In 1740, lished "Londinum Redivivum," "Anecdotes he wrote a " Life of Lord Bacon," was associof the Manners and Customs of London," and "Miscellaneous Anecdotes." Mr. M. died in distressed circumstances, in 1815.

MALDONAT, John, a Spanish jesuit, born in 1534, made himself famous by an excellent "Commentary upon the Gospels," in 1582, and died in 1583.

ated with Thompson the poet, in the composition of the "Masque of Alfred," and wrote a tragedy or two, and several poems. The principal works of this author have been collected in 3 volumes. As a writer, he cannot be placed in any high class; there being no species of composition in which he was eminent; he died in 1765.

MALEBRANCHE, Nicholas, a celebrated French divine and philosopher, born in 1638, MALLET, Edmund, a French divine, prodied in 1715. He wrote several works; of fessor of divinity in the college of Navarre, at which the first and principal, as indeed it gave Paris. He was one of the writers for the Enrise to almost all that followed, was his "Search|cyclopedia, of the articles on divinity and belles after Truth." His design in this book is, to lettres, and the author of several other works; point out to us the errors into which we are he died in 1807. daily led by our senses, imagination, and pas- MALLET, Dupan, an eminent political wrisions; and to prescribe a method for discovering ter, who took refuge in England from the revothe truth, which he does by starting the notion||lutionary mania of France, and was no less disof seeing all things in God. tinguished by the extent of his knowledge and the vigour of his style, than by the probity and independent spirit of his character. He was born at Geneva, about 1750, and died in 1800. MALLINKROTT, Bernard, a very learned, Munster. He was degraded and imprisoned; and died in 1664.

MALEGUZZI-VALERI, Veronica, a learned Italian lady, who supported publicly, two theses on the liberal arts; she died in 1690.

MALELAS, John, author of a chronicle from the creation to the age of Justinian, taught rhe-but turbulent man, dean of the cathedral of toric at Antioch, about 900.

MALERMI, or MARERBI, a Venetian monk, who translated the Bible into Italian, in the 15th century.

MALESHERBES, Christian William Lamoignon, a celebrated Frenchman, and advocate at Paris. In 1750, he was appointed president of the court of Aides, and after serving his country 25 years, retired." He was recalled by Lewis XVI., to become minister of the interior. When Lewis was dragged before the revolutionary tribunal, Malesherbes boldly appeared to defend him, but it was in vain; his noble and virtuous defender, was condemued by the same tribunal, and with his daughter, and a grandchild, ascended the scaffold, where they were executed in 1793. He wrote several celebrated works.

MALEZIEU, Nicolas de, a French author, tutor to the dukes of Maine and Burgundy. He published" Elements of Geography," &c., and died in 1727.

MALMSBURY. See WILLIAM. MALONE, Edmund, born in 1741, was the son of an Irish judge, and was educated at the university of Dublin. In 1767, he was called to the bar in London; but he continued a very short time in the profession, and turned his pursuits to literature. In 1790 he published an edition of Shakspeare; and in 1795 exposed, the Shakspearean imposture of the Ireland family. He brought out a "Life of Sir Joshua Reynolds;" a "Life of Dryden;" a "Biographical Sketch of the Right Hon. William Windhamn." He died in 1812.

MALOUIN, Paul James, professor of medicine in the royal college of Paris, and physician to the queen. He wrote on "Chymistry and Medicine," and died in 1777

MALPIGHI, Marcello, an eminent Italian physician and anatomist, born in 1628, died in MALFILLASTRE, James Charles Lewis, 1694. His discoveries in anatomy were cona French poet, who wrote sonnets, odes, &c. ;|siderable, particularly respecting the liver and he died in 1767. kidneys.

MALTON, Thomas, author of a "Treatise on Perspective, illustrating the principles of Dr. Brook Taylor," well known for his public lectures on that art, and for his theoretical and practical geometry, was born in 1726, and died in 1801.

MALHERBE, Francis de, a noted French poet, who has always been considered by his Countrymen as the father of their poetry, born in 1555, died in 1628. Boileau observes, that he was the first in France who taught the muse harmonious numbers, a just cadence, purity of language, regularity of composition, and order; MALVASIA, Charles Cæsar, author of an in short, who laid down all those rules for fine" Italian History of the Painters of Bologna," in writing which future poets were to follow if they hoped to succeed."

MALINGRE, Claude, a French historian, author of a "History of the Honorary Dignities in France; he died in 1655.

MALIPÍERRA, Olympia, a Venetian lady of noble birth, who wrote poems of some merit;} she died in 1559.

1660.

MALVEZZI, Virgilio, marquis of, an Italian student at law, who afterwards took to arms, and was employed by Philip IV. He wrote various works in Spanish and Italian; and died in 1654.

MALUS, Stephen Louis, a French mathema tician, professor in the military school at Metz, MALLEMANS, Claude, a professor of philo-afterwards served as an engineer in the army in sophy at Paris, and author of a "Philosophical System of the World;" he died in 1723.

Egypt, where he distinguished himself by his discoveries and writings; he died in 1812.

MALLEMANS, John, brother of Claude, MAMBRUN, Peter, an ingenious and learntook orders, and wrote a "History of Religion,' ed French poet and critic, born in 1581. He from the creation to the reign of Jovian; he is, in Latin poetry, one of the most perfect and died in 1740. accomplished among the imitators of Virgil, and MALLET, Henry, a writer of Geneva, au-has written, in the same metre, the same numthor of a "History of Denmark and of Northern ber of books, and in the three different kinds Antiquities. to which that illustrious poct applied himself.

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Thus we have of Mambrun "Eclogues;" MANLEY, Mary, an English female, of con Georgics," and a heroic poem in 12 books siderable reputation as a writer, but of a wanton entitled "Constantine, or Idolatry overthrown." and licentious character. She wrote plays and He died in 1561. romances, and died in 1724.

MAMMEA, Julia, mother of the emperor Beverus, known for her virtues and judicious sonduct; she was assassinated in 235.

MAN, Cornelius de, an eminent painter, of Delft, died in 1706.

MANLIUS, Torquatus, a famous Roman, who put his son to death for fighting without orders, 384 B C.

MANLIUS CAPITOLINUS MARCUS, a renowned Roman cousul and general, who saved MANARA, Prosper, an Italian marquis, and the Capitol when it was attacked by the Gauls in poet, and tutor to prince Ferdinand, of Parma;the night. He was alarmed by the cries of he died in 1800. geese, which were ever after held sacred, and MANASSEH, son of Hezekiah, succeeded the general himself styled the Capitolinus. He his father at the age of 12. His conduct was at was thrown from the Tarpeian rock, 384 B. C. first wicked and disgraceful, but he became an MANLY, John, a captain in the navy of the exemplary monarch, and re-established the wor-United States, distinguished for his services in ship of the God of his fathers; he died 643 the revolutionary war; he died in 1793. B. C.

MANCINELLI, Antonio, an Italian poet, and orator, died in 1506.

MANCO-CAPAC, founder of the Peruvian empire, declared himself the descendant of the sun, and was worshipped as a deity.

MANDEVILLE, sir John, an Englishman, famous for his traves, born about 1300, died in 1372. He travelled through almost all countries, made himself master of almost all languages; and left, at his death, an account of his travels, in English, French, and Latin, which abounds in improbabilities.

MANDEVILLE, Bernard de, a celebrated writer in the 18th century, born in Holland, where he studied physic, and took the degree of doctor in that facuity. He wrote several books, all of them ingenious and witty, but some which are supposed to have had a very ill effect upon Bociety. His chief work is, “The Fable of the Bees; or, Private Vices made Public Benefits." He died in 1733.

MANNING, James, D. D., a distinguished baptist clergyman, who was elected first president of the college at Providence, R. 1., and a member of congress from that state; he died in 1791.

MANNINGHAM, Thomas, D. D., a learned prelate, who became bishop of Chichester, and published some sermons; he died in 1722.

MANNORI, Lewis, an advocate of Paris, who published "Memoirs of Pleadings" in 18 vols.; he died in 1778.

MANNOZZI, John, a painter, who adorned the palace of Lorenzo de Medicis, by the works of his art; he died in 1636.

MANSARD, Francis, a Frenchman, first architect to the king of France. He adorned Paris with many elegant designs, and died in 1666. Ilis nephew succeeded him, and died in 1708.

MANSFIELD, Peter Ernest, count de, an able statesman in the service of the emperor of Germany; he died in 1604.

lolphus II.; he died in 1626.

MANSFIELD, Ernest de, natural son of the MANDRILLON, I., a Frenchman, who tra-preceding, distinguished by the emperor Lovelled in America, and Holland. On his return to France, he became suspected by Robespierre, who ordered him to the guillotine, in 1793. He wrote the "American Spectator."

MANETHO, an ancient Egyptian historian. MANETTI, Gianozzo, a native of Florence, Illustrious as one of those men, to whom the revival of literature may be attributed. He was the author of many works, and died in 1459. MANETTI, Rutilio, a native of Siena, eminent as a painter, died in 1639.

MANETTI, Xavier, professor of botany and medicine, at Florence, was keeper of the imperial garden, and author of several learned books; he died in 1785.

MANSFIELD, earl of. See MURRAY. « MANSTEIN, Christopher Herman de, a distinguished officer in the Russian and Prussian service, author of "Memoirs of Russia ;" he was shot in battle, in 1757.

MANTEGNA, Andrea, an Italian painter of great eminence, originally a shepherd, died at Mantua, in 1517.

MANFREDI, Eustachio, a celebrated mathe-roe into Latin. matician of Italy, born in 1674, acquired great reputation by his "Ephemerides," and by his other works, and died in 1739.

MANFREDI, Bartholomew, an eminent pain ter, born at Mantua, in 1574.

MANGEART, Thomas, a learned Benedictine antiquary, librarian, and counsellor to the duke of Lorraine. He wrote on medals, and died in 1763.

MANTON, Thomas, D. D., a popular preacher, in London, and before parliament. At the restoration, h. was chaplain to the king. wrote sermons and Calvinistic tracts, and died in 1677.

He

MANTUAN, Baptist, an Italian poet, whose works possess much animation, and were printed at Paris, in 3 vols. folio, in 1513.

MANUEL, Commenus, emperor of the east, MANGENOT, Lewis, a native of Paris, au-made war against Dalmatia, Hungary, and thor of eclogues, fables, tales, &c., died in 1768. Egypt; he died in 1180. MANGET, John James, physician to the MANUEL, Palæologus, king of Constantielector of Brandenburgh, and the learned au-nople, resigned his throne to his son John, as be thor of many works, was born at Geneva, and ing more capable of repelling the invasion of the died in 1742. Turks; he died in 1425.

MANGEY, Thomas, D. D., prebendary of London. He was the author of commentaries, and practical sermons, aud died in 1755.

MANILIUS, Marcus. a poet in the reign of Tiberius

MANUTIUS, Aldus, the first of those cele brated printers at Venice, who were as illus trious for their learning as for uncommon skill in their profession, was born at Bassano, in I aly, about the middle of the 15th century, and thence

MARCHAND, Prosper, of Paris, but settled in Holland, where he wa the principal author MANZOULI, Tomaso, a much admired histo-of a "Journal Literaire," which was reckoned rical painter, of Italy, died in 1570. excellent in its kind. He composed “L'Histoire MAPES, Walter, a pot, chaplain to Henry de l'Imprimerie;" gave a new edition of the II. He wrote in Latin, and his verses are still“ Dictionary and Letters of Bayle;" and died admired. in 1756.

MARBODUS, or MARBODÆUS, surnamed Galus, a monk, bishop of Rennes, author of se-liament of Dijon, and an elegant Latin writer; veral works, died in 1123.

MARECHAL, George, a native of Calais, son MARCEL, N., a painter of fruits and flow-of a poor officer. He become a surgeon of great ers at Frankfort, died in 1683.