inces of East and West Prussia and Posen, comprise Prus sia Proper and a part of Poland. All the other provin ces are included within the limits of the late German empire. The whole kingdom is divided into 10 provinces, and subdivided into 28 governments. The eastern part comprises the main body of the kingdom. The towns in the table are all capitals of governments of the same

Berlin, the capital of the Prussian dominions, is situated on the Spree. It is the second city in Germany in pop

ulation, and one of the most beautiful in Europe. The streets are generally broad and straight, and the houses large, built of brick, and stuccoed. The city contains many magnificent edifices, and numerous literary institutions. The country around is level and sandy.

Breslau, the capital of Silesia, situated on the Oder, carries on a great trade, and is celebrated for its fairs.

Dantzic, situated on the Vistula, 5 miles from its mouth, is an opulent commercial city.

Konigsberg, on the Pregel, was formerly the capital of Prussia. It is a large and handsome city, well situated for

commerce.

Cologne, on the Rhine, is noted for commerce, and has long held a conspicuous rank in Catholic Germany.

Magdeburg, on the Elbe, is well situated for commerce, and is a place of great strength.

Aix la Chapelle, situated west of the Rhine, is an ancient and well built town. It was the favourite residence of Charlemagne, and is celebrated for its baths.

Potsdam, on an island in the Havel, 15 miles SW. Berlin, is decorated with splendid edifices, and has been the favourite residence of the Prussian monarchs.

Stettin, on the Oder, is a place of considerable com

merce.

Government. The government is an absolute monar

chy.

Religion. Nearly two thirds of the inhabitants are Protestants, and one third Catholics.

Universities. The universities in the Prussian states are those of Konigsberg, Breslau, Berlin, Halle, Bonn, and Greifswalde. In some parts much attention is paid to education.

Language. The prevailing language is the German. Climate. The climate is cold and piercing in the win. ter, warm and pleasant in the summer; but the autumn is generally wet.

Face of the country. Prussia is mostly a very level country, abounding in lakes and streams, and has many marshy tracts. Silesia is agreeably diversified, and has considerable mountains, called the Sudetic Mountains. Soil. The soil in some parts is good, but is generally sandy, and by no means fertile.

Productions. Prussia produces grain, flax, hemp, &c. and abounds in cattle.

Minerals. The most distinguished mineral production is amber, found on the shores of the Baltic.

Rivers. Prussia is a favoured country with regard to navigable rivers. Some of these are the Etbe, Oder, Vistula, Memel, Pregel, Spree, Havel, Rhine, and Moselle.

Lakes. Small lakes are numerous; Spirding-See and Maur See are among the largest. Curish Haff, Frish Haff, and Grass Haff, are inland sheets of water, or gulfs. Islands. The principal islands are Rugen and Usedom. History. Prussia was first erected into a kingdom in 1701. It has since gained various additions to its territory, and now ranks among the most powerful states in Europe.

POLAND.

Poland was formerly one of the largest kingdoms in Europe, containing about 15 millions of inhabitants, but since 1772, it has been divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia. Russia has acquired nearly one half of the population, Austria nearly one quarter, and Prussia one eighth. The remainder of the country, comprising less than 3 millions of inhabitants, is formed into a kingdom, and is governed by a viceroy appointed by the emperor of Russia.

Face of the country. Poland is generally a very level country, in some parts marshy.

Soil and produce. A large part of the soil is very fertile, but badly cultivated. The most important production is grain, of which large quantities are exported.

Inhabitants. The Poles were originally a tribe of Sclavonians, and are one of the most illiterate nations in Eu. rope. They are mostly Catholics. The peasantry are in a state of miserable servitude.

Jews. There are more Jews in the Polish territories than in all the rest of Europe. Almost all the trade of the country is in their hands.

Rivers. The principal rivers are the Vistula, Niemen, Dwina, Dnieper, and Dniester.

Towns. Warsaw, the capital of the kingdom of Peand, is situated on the Vistula. Population 70,000.

Cracow, on the Vistula, in the southwest part of Po land, is a free city. Population 25,000.

Some of the other principal Polish towns are Dantzic and Posen, belonging to Prussia; Lemberg and Brody, to Austria; and Wilna to Russia.

THE United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland poșsesses Gibraltar, and the islands of Malta and Heligoland, in Europe, and has extensive dominions in Asia, Africa, and America.

Great Britain is divided into England, Wales, and Scot, land.

ENGLAND AND WALES.

England contains 40 counties; Wales 12.

Six northern counties:

Chief cities. London, the capital of the kingdom, is the most populous city in Europe, and with respect to commerce, wealth, manufactures, arts, literature, and charitable institutions, surpasses all other cities on the globe. It is situated on the Thames, 60 miles from the sea, and including the suburbs, is 7 miles long, and 5