Ben Nevis, one of the summits, is 4,350 feet high, and is the most elevated mountain in Great Britain.

Productions. The principal natural productions are coal, iron, lead, cattle, sheep, fish, and grain.

Manufactures. The 4 principal manufactures are cotton, linen, woollen, and iron.

Rivers. The 3 largest rivers are the Forth, the Tay, and the Clyde.

Lakes. Scotland abounds with fine lakes, called lochs. Loch Lomond, the largest, is celebrated for its picturesque beauty. Some of the others are Loch Tay, Loch Awe, and Loch Fine

Islands. The islands are the Hebrides or Western Islands, Shetland Islands, and Orkney Islands.

Staffa, a small island of the Hebrides, is remarkable for its basaltic columns and for Fingal's cave.

History, Scotland was united with England in 1603.

IRELAND.

Divisions. Ireland is divided into 4 provinces, viz. Ulster, Leinster, Connaught, and Munster; which are subdivided into 32 counties.

Dublin, the metropolis of Ireland, is reckond the second city in the British dominions. It is finely situated near the head of a spacious bay, and the entrance into the harbour is one of the most beautiful in Europe. The houses are mostly of brick, of from 3 to 5 stories. Few cities in proportion to the size can boast of a greater number of magnificent edifices.

Cork, the second city in Ireland, has an excellent harbour, and an extensive commerce. It is the grand mar

ket of Irish provisions. Limerick, Belfast, Waterford, and Galway, are all cities of considerable trade.

Armagh is the first archbishopric, and was anciently the capital.

Religion. The established religion of Ireland is the same as that of England; but more than two thirds of the inhabitants are Catholics. In the establishment there are 4 archbishoprics, and 18 bishoprics. In the northern counties the Presbyterians are numerous.

in Ireland.

University. The university of Dublin is the only one It is well endowed, and had, in 1818, 1,209 students. At Maynooth there is a Catholic college with 9 professors, supported by government.

Education. Education among the great mass of the people has been heretofore greatly neglected; but now better attended to.

Inhabitants. The great mass of the people are sunk in ignorance and poverty. Their common food is potatoes and milk; their fuel turf; and they are miserably lodged. Manufactures. The principal manufacture is linen. Exports. The principal exports are linen and provisions.

Climate. The climate is temperate; cooler in summer and warmer in winter, than that of England, but humid, and often foggy.

Face of the country. Ireland is a pleasant and fertile island, with a surface agreeably diversified. It is comparatively level, having but few mountains. One of the most striking features is the immense extent of the bogs, which disfigure the country.

Productions. The productions are grass, potatoes, oats, flax, &c. Ireland is famous for its abundance of excellent potatoes, the common food of the inhabitants. are also extensively used for food.

Oats

Rivers. The principal river is the Shannon. Some of the others are the Barrow, Ban, Boyne, and Liffey.Lough Neagh is the largest lake.

Curiosities. The Giant's Causeway, situated on the north coast, is esteemed a great curiosity. It consists of many hundred thousand columns of hard black rock, rising from 200 to 400 feet perpendicularly from the water's

edge. The lake of Killarny is much admired for its picturesque and beautiful scenery.

History. Ireland was conquered by England in the 12th century, but not completely subjected till the 17th. The legislative union took place in 1801.

NETHERLANDS.

The kingdom of Netherlands consists of 18 provinces. The first 7 in the table are Dutch, and constitute the country formerly called Holland, or the Seven United Provin ces. The next 10 are Belgic; and Luxemburg is Ger

Amsterdam, the largest, richest, and most populous city of the Netherlands, is situated on an arm of the Zuyder Zee. It has long ranked as the second city in Europe in point of commerce. The houses are neatly built of brick or stone, and the foundation of the whole is laid on piles of timber. The city contains many magnificent edifices, of which the stadthouse is the most distinguished, and is esteemed as one of the finest structures in the world. is built on upwards of 13,000 piles.

It

Brussels, the capital of the southern provinces, is one of the residences of the king, and one of the most elegant cities in Europe. It is celebrated for its lace, camlets, and carpets.

The Hague, 32 miles SW. of Amsterdam, was formerly the seat of government for the Seven Provinces, and is now one of the residences of the king and his court.

very elegant town.

It is a

Antwerp, on the Scheldt, had, 250 years ago, more commerce than any other city in Europe. The navigation of the Scheldt was afterwards closed, and the commerce destroyed. The river has been again opened, and the city has now a fine harbour, and an extensive commerce.

Rotterdam, on the Meuse, has an excellent harbour, and has long been distinguished for commerce. It is famous for being the birthplace of Erasmus.

Ghent and Leige have extensive manufactures.

Bruges, during the 14th century, was the greatest em• porium in Europe.

Haerlem, 10 miles N. of Amsterdam, has one of the largest and most perfect organs in the world, having 8,000 pipes.

Maestricht, Luxemburg, Mons, and Berg-op-Zoom are strong fortresses.

Waterloo, a village 10 miles S. of Brussels, is noted as the scene of the most famous battle of modern times, by which the empire of Bonaparte was overthrown.

Government. The government resembles that of Great Britain.

Religion. The inhabintants of the Seven Provinces of Holland are mostly Calvinists; those of the Netherlands, chiefly Catholics.

Universities, The universities are those of Leyden, Utrecht, Groningen, Louvain, Ghent, and Liege. Those of Leyden and Louvain have been the most famous.

Language The language is a dialect of the German, called Low Dutch.

Trade, &c. The Dutch were at one time the most commercial nation in the world; but their commerce declined after the French revolution. They are also distin guished for their agriculture and manufactures.

Climate. The air is damp and foggy near the sea, but more clear and pleasant in the interior.

Face of the country. This is the most level country in Europe. Holland resembles a large marsh that has been

drained, and protected from being overflowed by high mounds or dykes.

Soil. Much of the soil is rich and highly cultivated, and abounds in corn, flax, madder, and rich pasture.

Rivers. The three largest rivers are the Rhine, Scheldt, and Meuse.

Canals. Canals are almost as numerous as roads in other countries, and the common mode of travelling is along a canal in a covered boat drawn by horses. In winter the inhabitants travel on them on skates.

Islands. The principal islands are Walcheren, South Beveland, North Beveland, and Texel.

History. Holland, or the Dutch Provinces, were formerly a republic; and the Belgic Provinces have been possessed by various powers. In 1814 they were united under one monarchy.

GERMANY.

Former divisions. Germany was formerly divided into 9 circles; viz.

Austria, Bavaria, and Swabia, in the South;
Franconia, in the centre;

Upper and Lower Saxony and Westphalia, in the North;
Lower and Upper Rhine, in the West.

Other countries not included in the circles, belonging to Germany; viz. Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, and Lusatia. The number of princes, civil and ecclesiastical, was upwards of 300, each independent in his own territory, but subject to an emperor as head of the empire.-The above division was discontinued in 1806.

Present divisions. Germany now comprises the following; viz. about one third part of the empire of Austria, the greatest part of Prussia; Holstein and Lauenburg, belonging to Denmark; Luxemburg, belonging to Netherlands; the kingdoms of Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Hanover, and Saxony; 29 smaller states, and 4 free cities.-The states are as follows: