History. Bavaria is composed of most of the German circles of Bavaria, Franconia, and a part of Swabia. It was erected into a kingdom in 1806.

WURTEMBERG.

Divisions. The kingdom of Wurtemberg lies in the southwest of Germany, and is divided into 4 circles. It was erected into a kingdom in 1806.

Chief towns. Stuttgard, the capital, is very pleasantly situated 2 miles from the Neckar, and contains a magnificent palace and some fine buildings.

Ulm, an ancient town on the Danube, is a strong fortress. Tubingen, 16 miles SSW. of Stuttgard, has a flourishing university.

Wurtemberg is a fertile and well cultivated country. The surface is agreeably diversified. The principal mountains consist of mountainous tracts called Schwarzwald, or the Black Forest. The chief river is the Neckar. Religion. The religion is Lutheran.

Education. There is a university at Tubingen, and ed ucation is well attended to.

BADEN.

The grand duchy of Baden lies in the southwest of Germany, between Wurtemberg and the Rhine; and is divided into 8 circles.

Carlsruhe, the capital, is a handsome town, with regu lar streets, built in the form of an open fan. The buildings are of stone, and mostly of uniform height. Population 15,000.

Manheim, situated at the confluence of the Neckar with the Rhine, is one of the most elegant towns in Germany. Population 18,000.

Heidelberg and Freyberg contain flourishing universi

ties.

Constance, on the lake of the same name, is famous for the council which condemned John Huss and Jerome of Prague.

The government is a limited monarchy, and the prevailing religion is Lutheran.

The soil is tolerably fertile. The inhabitants are chief. ly employed in agriculture and the raising of cattle.

THE SMALLER GERMAN STATES.

The most of the smaller states of Germany lie north of the centre of the country. The religion of the majority of them is Protestantism; and the government, for the most part, is a limited monarchy.

Towns. Cassel, the capital of the electorate of Hesse Cassel, is an ancient and handsome town.

Mentz, the largest town in the grand duchy of Hesse Darmstadt, situated at the confluence of the Maine with the Rhine, is the strongest town in Germany.

Brunswick, the capital of the duchy of the same name, is a considerable trading town, famous for its fairs.

Weimar, the capital of the duchy of Saxe-Weimar, is a town of literary distinction, being a noted residence of German literati.

Universities. There are universities at Marburg in Hesse Cassel, at Giessen in Hesse-Darmstadt, at Jena in Saxe-Weimar, and at Rostock in Mecklenberg-Schwerin.

FREE CITIES.

Hamburg, situated on the Elbe, about 70 miles from its mouth, is the first commercial city in Germany, and has been reckoned the 3d in Europe.

Lubec, on the Trave, 8 miles from the Baltic and 38 NE. of Hamburg, was once of more importance than at present, and is famous for having been the head of the confederation of the Hanse Towns.

Bremen, on the Weser, about 50 miles above its mouth and 54 SW. of Hamburg, has considerable commerce.

Frankfort, on the Maine, 20 miles above the entrance of that river into the Rhine, is one of the principal trading towns of Germany, and celebrated for its fairs. The emperors of Germany were usually crowned in this city, and it is now the seat of the Germanic Diet.

AUSTRIA.

Divisions. The empire of Austria comprises a considerable part of Germany, Hungary, with Transylvania, Dalmatia, and Croatia, a part of Poland, and the northeastern part of Italy. It is divided into 14 provinces or govern ments. In the following divisions Croatia and Sclavonia are included with Hungary, and Austrian Silesia with Moravia. The first two provinces comprise the archduchy of Austria.

Towns in Germany. Vienna, the metropolis of the Austrian empire, is the largest city in Germany. It is pleas antly situated on the Danube, and is the centre of an extensive trade. It contains many elegant palaces, and is the seat of a splendid court.

Prague, on the Muldau, the capital of Bohemia, is an old town, less flourishing than formerly.

Trieste, on a gulf of the Adriatic, is the most important seaport in the Austrian dominions.

Gratz, the capital of Stiria, is a well built town. Lintz contains the greatest woollen manufactory in Gets many.

Bolzano, in Tyrol, is remarkable for its fairs, which the greatest in Austria.

are

Towns in Hungary, &c. Buda, the capital, pleasantly situated on the Danube; Pest, on the Danube, opposite to Buda, the largest and most commercial town; Presburg, the former capital; Debreczin, the second town in population and trade; Schemnitz and Cremnitz, the principal mining towns; Tokay, famous for its wine.

In Transylvania the principal towns are Hermanstadt, Clausenburg, and Cronstadt. In Galicia are Lemberg and Brody.

Towns in Austrian Italy. Milan, the capital of Austrian Italy, is situated in a beautiful plain, and surrounded with walls. The private houses are generally of 4 or 3

stories, not very elegant; but the public edifices display all the magnificence of Italian architecture. The cathedral is the noblest specimen of Gothic architecture, existing, and is, next to St. Peter's at Rome and St. Paul's at London, the finest church in Europe.

Venice is built on 72 little islands, near the head of the

gulf of Venice. Its buildings are of stone, but not elegant. Yet it makes a grand appearance at a distance, seeming to float on the sea.

It was once the most com

mercial city in the world, but it is now declined.

Verona, on the Adige, 60 miles W. Venice, is celebrated for its ancient Roman amphitheatre, capable of holding 22,000 spectators. The steps or seats are still entire. Padua and Pavia contain celebrated universities.

Literature. The principal universities are those of Vienna, Prague, Pest, Lemburg, Padua, and Pavia. Austria, though inferior in regard to literature to the north of Germany, has produced some eminent scholars. The Austrians excel in music.

Religion. The established religion is the Roman Catholic, but all others are tolerated. In Hungary, Transylvania, and Sclavonia, the members of the Protestant and Greek churches are numerous, and have long enjoyed considerable privileges.

Inhabitants. Exclusive of small tribes, this vast empire is composed of four great races, Sclavonians, Germans, Hungarians, and Italians; all differing in language and habits. Government. The government is a hereditary monarchy, nearly absolute, except in Hungary and Transylvania, where it is limited by constitutional provisions.

Climate. The climate is generally mild and salubrious. Face of the country. The face of the country in some parts is very mountainous, in others agreeably diversified. There are some extensive plains, particularly in Hungary, Galicia, and Lombardy.

Mountains. The Carpathian mountains are an extensive range in the northeast of Hungary. The Rhaetian Alps are in the southwest part of the German dominions. Bo hemia and Moravia are almost encircled by mountains. Rivers. The rivers are the Danube, Dniester, Teisse, Save, Drave, Inn, Adige, and Po.

1

Lakes. The principal lakes are the Platten-see and Neu