N.

NATION,

definition of, 1.

NATURALIZATION,

(See UNITED STATES.)

power of Congress over, 10.

NAVIGABLE WATERS,

made free by ordinance of 1787, 25 n.

right of States to improve and charge toll, 26 n., 592.

what are, 589.

what are private channels, 589.

are for use of all equally, 590.

general control of, is in the States, 591.

Congressional regulations when made control, 591.

States cannot grant monopolies of, 591.
States may authorize bridges over, 592.
when bridges become nuisances, 592.
States may establish ferries across, 593.
States may authorize dams of, 593, 594.
regulation of speed of vessels upon, 594.
rights of fishery in, 524.

frontage upon, is property, 544.

NAVIGATION,

(See WATER-COURSES.)

right of, pertains to the eminent domain, 524.

NEBRASKA,

(See NAVIGABLE WATERS.)

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 110 n.

privilege of members of legislature from arrest, &c. 134 n.
title of acts to express the object, 141 n.

liberty of the press in, 416 n.

religious tests forbidden in, 469 n.

NECESSITY,

is the basis of the right of eminent domain, 524, 538.
extent of property to be taken is limited by, 539.
destruction of buildings to prevent spread of fire, 594.
NEGLIGENCE,

carriers of persons may be made responsible for deaths by, 581.
in the construction of public works may give right of action, 571.
NEGOTIABLE PAPER,

when municipal corporations liable upon, 212, 215 and n.
NEVADA,

special statutes licensing sale of lands forbidden, 98.

NEVADA,—Continued.

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 110 n.
special legislative sessions in, 155 n.

title of acts to express the subject, 142 n.
protection by the law of the land, 352 n.
liberty of the press in, 416 n.

NEW HAMPSHIRE,

judges of, to give opinions to legislature, &c. 40.
causes of divorce to be heard by courts, 110 n.
revenue bills to originate in lower house, 132 n.

retrospective laws forbidden in, 370.

protection by the law of the land, 352 n.

liberty of the press in, 414 n.

persons conscientiously opposed to bearing arms excused, 478 n.

NEW JERSEY,

special statutes licensing sale of lands forbidden, 98 n.

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 110 n.

title of acts to express the object, 142 n.

revenue bills to originate in lower house, 132 n.

liberty of the press in, 415 n.

religious tests forbidden in, 469 n.

NEWSPAPERS,

publication of privileged communications in, 448-451.

whether they have any privilege in publishing news, 451.
privilege not admitted by the courts, 453 - 457.

when publisher not liable to vindictive damages, 457.
(See LIBERTY OF SPEECH AND OF THE PRESS.)

NEW TRIALS,

not to be granted by the legislature, 95, 392.

not granted on application of State in criminal cases, 321.

may be had after verdict set aside on application of defendant, 327,328.
but not on counts on which he was acquitted, 328.

NEW YORK,

(See JEOPARDY.)

divorces only to be granted in judicial proceedings, 110 n.

title of private and local acts to express the subject, 142 n.

amendment of first constitution in, 31.

protection by law of the land, 352 n.

liberty of the press in, 414 n.

witnesses not rendered incompetent from want of religious belief,

478 n.

contested election of governor in, 623 n.

NOBILITY,

titles of, forbidden to be granted, 17.
NOLLE PROSEQUI,

when equivalent to acquittal, 327.

NON COMPOTES MENTIS,

legislative authority for sale of lands of, 97-106.

excluded from suffrage, 599.

NON-RESIDENT PARTIES,

subjecting to jurisdiction of court by publication, 403, 404.
restricted effect of the notice, 404.

discrimination in taxation of, 487.

NORTH CAROLINA,

ratification of constitution by, 8, 9.

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 111 n.

protection by the law of the land, 352 n.

liberty of the press in, 417 n.

religious teachers disqualified for holding office, 468.

NOTICE,

bringing in non-resident parties by publication of, 403, 404.
of elections, when essential to their validity, 602, 603.
NUISANCE,

OATH,

when bridges over navigable waters are, 593.

when dams are, and may be abated, 594, 595.

forbidding use of cemeteries which have become, 595.

general power in the States to abate, 596.

created by public, not to be abated at expense of individual, 596 n.

of attorneys, 330, 331 n.

0.

test, may be punishment, 263 n.

of voter, when conclusive of his right, 617.

blasphemy and profanity punishable by law, 471-476.

OBJECT OF STATUTE,

in some States required to be stated in title, 141 - 151.

OBLIGATION OF CONTRACTS,

States not to pass laws violating, 15, 33, 126, 273.

what is a contract, 273 - 281.

agreements by States are, 274, 275.

executed contracts, 275.

appointments to office are not, 276.

municipal charters are not, 192, 193, 276.

franchises granted to municipal corporations are not, 277.

OBLIGATION OF CONTRACTS, -Continued.

but grants of property in trust are, 277-279.

and grants of property for municipal use, 236.

'private charters of incorporation are, 279.

whether an exemption from taxation is, 127, 280–284.
it is if granted for a consideration, 281.

whether right of eminent domain can be relinquished, 281.
or the right to exercise the police power, 282, 283.
change in general laws of the State does not violate, 284.
nor divorce laws, 284.

such laws not to divest rights in property, 284, 285.

what obligation consists in, 285-287.

remedies for enforcement of contracts may be changed, 287 - 289.
imprisonment for debt may be abolished, 287.

exemptions from execution may be increased, 287..

. rules of evidence may be changed, 288.

but all remedy cannot be taken away, 289, 290.

repeal of statute giving remedy cannot destroy contracts, 290.
appraisement laws cannot be made applicable to existing debts, 290.
right to possession under mortgages cannot be taken away, 290.
nor time to redeem lands shortened or extended, 291.
laws staying execution, how far invalid, 292, 293.

when power of municipal taxation may not be taken away, 292.
stockholders liable for corporate debts may not be released by law,
292.

whether a party may release, by contract, a privilege granted for
reasons of State policy, 293.

when a contract requires new action to its enforcement, changes
may be made as to such action, 293.

new promise to revive a debt may be required to be in writing
293.

laws validating invalid contracts do not violate constitution, 293.
nor laws extending corporate franchises, 293.

State insolvent laws, how far valid, 293, 294.

OBSCENITY,

in legal proceedings, not to be published, 449.

sale of obscene books and papers may be prohibited, 596.
OBSCURITIES,

aids in interpretation of, 65–73.

(See CONSTRUCTION OF STATE CONSTITUTIONS.)
OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION,

--

when bridges and dams to be considered such, 592 – 594.
when channels cut by private parties are private property, 590.

OFFICE,

appointments to, do not constitute contracts, 276.

OFFICER,

OHIO,

protection of dwelling-house against, 22, 299.

general warrants to, are illegal, 300 – 302.

may break open house to serve criminal warrant, 303.

service of search-warrant by,

(See SEARCHES AND SEIZURES.)

privilege of criticism of, 431 - 441, 455, 456.

constitutional qualifications cannot be added to, by the legislature,
64.

duty of, when doubtful of constitutional construction, 73, 74.
of the legislature, election of, 133.

municipal, may be indemnified by corporation, 209.

but not for refusal to perform duty, 212.

legislature not to grant divorces, or exercise judicial power, 111 n.
title of acts to express the object, 142 n.

general laws to be uniform, 63.

appointing power, how exercised, 115.

retrospective laws, what not to be passed, 370 n.

liberty of the press in, 415 n.

religious tests forbidden, 469.

impeachment of judges of, 160 n.

OMNIPOTENCE OF PARLIAMENT,
meaning of the term, 3, 4, 86.

OPINION,

proscription for, is unconstitutional, 390.

on religious subjects to be free, 467 - 470.

religious tests forbidden in some States, 469 n.

of witnesses on religious subjects not to constitute disqualification in

some States, 478.

judicial, force of, as precedents, 50 – 54.

ORDINANCE OF 1787,

how far still in force, 25, 26 n.

admission of States to the Union under, 28 n.

ORDINANCES, MUNICIPAL,

OREGON,

(See BY-LAWS.)

special statutes licensing sale of lands forbidden, 98.

legislature of, not to grant divorces, 110 n.

revenue bills to originate in lower house, 132 n.

legislative regulation of pardons, 116.