butic, all more or less pungent. Radishes, Turnips, Mustard, Cress, Cabbage and all its varieties, Rape, Charlock, are wellknown plants of the order.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Brassica, Sinapis, Draba.

Fruits of various genera. 6. Siliqua of Mathiola livida. 7. Silicula of Thlaspi latifolium. 8. Silicula of Alyssum spathulatum. 9. Silicula of Schiverukia podolica. 10. Silicula of Farsetia. 12. Seed of Didesmus Ægyptius cut across. 13. Silicula of Menonvillea linearis. 14. Seed of Lepidium Africanum. 15. Silicula of Æthionema cristatum. 16. Seed of Heliophila crithmifolia. 17. Seed of Mathiola oxyceras. 18. Siliqua of Mathiola oxyceras. 19. Silicula of Didesmus Ægyptius. 20. Silicula of Senebiera serrata.

13.-Papaveracea.

Herbaceous plants or shrubs with a milky juice. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Sepals 2. Petals either 3 or 4, or some multiple of that number. Stamens hypogynous, generally numerous. Fruit 1-celled, with parietal placenta. Seeds numerous.

USES.-A narcotic milk pervades the species; that of Papaver somniferum becomes opium when inspissated. The roots of Meconopsis Nepalensis are a deadly poison. Sanguinaria Canadensis is emetic and purgative in large doses, stimulant and diaphoretic in smaller.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Papaver, Glaucium.

14.-Capparidacea. Herbaceous plants, shrubs, or trees, without true stipules. Leaves alternate. Sepals 4. Petals 4, cruciate. Stamens definite or indefinite. Disk hemispherical,

or elongated. Ovary stalked. Fruit 1-celled, most frequently with two polyspermous placenta; embryo incurved.

USES.-A pungent principle exists in some, as the flowerbuds of Capparis spinosa, which are the Capers of shops, and several Cleomes used as substitutes for mustard. This acridity is sometimes so much concentrated as to render the species dangerous. The root of Cratæva gynandra is said to blister like Cantharides, and that of Cleome dodecandra is used as a vermifuge.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Cleome, Capparis.

5.

Physostemon lanceolatum. 1. A flower of the natural size. 2. The calyx, stamens, and ovary. 3. The ripe fruit, with one valve separating. 4. A seed. The same cut vertically, to show the incurved embryo.

15.-Resedacea. Herbaceous plants with alternate leaves, small colourless flowers, and gland-like stipules. Calyx many-parted. Petals lacerated, unequal. Disk large, 1-sided. Stamens definite, inserted into the disk. Ovary sessile,

3-lobed, 1-celled, many-seeded, with 3 parietal placenta. Fruit opening at the apex. Embryo incurved.

USES.-Mignionette, so well known for its fragrance, is Reseda odorata. R. luteola yields a yellow dye.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Reseda, Ochradenus.

16.-Flacourtiacea. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate, without stipules. Sepals from 4-7. Petals equal to them in number. Stamens occasionally changed into nectariferous scales. Ovary roundish; stigmas several, more or less distinct. Fruit 1-celled, capsular or fleshy, the centre filled with a thin pulp. Seeds few, attached to the lining of the fruit in a branched manner. Embryo in albumen.

USES.-The fruit of some eatable and pleasant in India.
TYPICAL GENERA.-Flacourtia, Roumea.

17.-Bixacea. Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, with deciduous stipules and pellucid dots. Sepals 4-7, imbricated. Petals of a like number. Stamens indefinite, distinct. Ovary sessile; placentæ 4-7, parietal; styles 1-2-4. Fruit 1-celled, fleshy or capsular, many-seeded. Seeds enveloped in pulp. Albumen hardly present.

USES.-The seeds of Bixa Orellana are covered with a pulp, which, when dry, is the Arnotta of shops, used for colouring cheese. Otherwise the properties uncertain.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Bixa, Prockia, Azara.

18.-Cistaceæ. Shrubs or herbaceous plants. Leaves usually entire, stipulate or exstipulate. Sepals 3 or 5, persistent, unequal, in a broken whorl, the three inner twisted.. Petals 5, often crumpled, twisted in a direction contrary to that of the sepals. Stamens indefinite. Ovary 1- or manycelled; ovules with their foramen at their apex; style single; stigma simple. Fruit either 1-celled with parietal placenta, or imperfectly 5- or 10-celled. Seeds indefinite. Embryo inverted, either spiral or curved, in the midst of mealy albumen. Radicle remote from the hilum.

USES.-Unimportant. The balsamic Gum Ladanum is a spontaneous secretion from Cistus Creticus and others. Many are beautiful garden plants, with large delicate flowers. TYPICAL GENERA.-Cistus, Helianthemum.

3

2

Cistus Berthelotianus. 1. A calyx and pistil, the petals and stamens having fällen off. 2. A cross section of the ovary. 3. A vertical section of ovary and calyx. 4. A seed cut through; the pointed end being the true apex.

19.-Droseracea. Herbaceous plants, often covered with glands. Leaves with stipulary fringes and a circinate vernation. Peduncles circinate. Sepals imbricate. Petals 5, hypogynous. Stamens distinct, either equal in number to the petals, or 2, 3, or 4 times as many. Styles 3-5. Capsule of 3-5 valves. Embryo in fleshy or cartilaginous albumen.

USES.-The herbage of some Droseras is acrid. The bulbs of others abound in a rich purple dye, and are filled with starch, which renders them eatable. It is probable that many species would prove of value to dyers.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Drosera, Dionæa.

20.-Tamaricacea. Shrubs or herbs, with rod-like branches.. Leaves alternate, resembling scales. Calyx 4- or 5-parted, persistent. Petals withering. Stamens definite, distinct, or monadelphous. Stigmas 3. Capsule 3-valved, 1-celled, manyseeded. Seeds ascending, comose; embryo straight.

Us SES. -Ornamental bushes or trees. A sweet substance resembling Manna oozes out of the stem of Tamarix Gallica, in hot, dry countries. The bark is bitter, astringent, and tonic. A very astringent gall, employed in medicine and dyeing, in India, is yielded by some oriental species.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Tamarix, Myricaria.

21.-Violacea. Herbaceous plants, or shrubs, or trees. Leaves stipulate, with an involute vernation. Sepals 5, persistent, imbricate, Petals 5, regular or irregular, one sometimes spurred. Stamens definite in number; filaments dilated; connective elongated beyond the anthers. Ovary 1-celled, with 3 parietal placentæ ; style with a hooded stigma. Capsule of 3 valves, bearing the placenta in their axis. Embryo large, straight, in fleshy albumen.

USES.-Roots emetic. Those of the common Sweet Violet and other species have been employed medicinally. Ionidium Poaya yields one sort of Brazilian Ipecacuanha. Viola canina and some others have the power of removing some cutaneous affections, and have been employed as cosmetics.

TYPICAL GENERA.-Viola, Alsodeia.

Corynostylis Hybanthus. 1. A set of stamens, each having the connective lengthened beyond the anther in the form of a scale. 2. A spurred petal. 3. A transverse section of an ovary, showing the three parietal placentæ. 4. A ripe fruit. 5. An embryo.

22.-Polygalacea. Shrubs or herbaceous plants. Leaves alternate, destitute of stipules. Pedicels with three bracts. Flowers unsymmetrical. Sepals 5, very irregular, often glumaceous. Petals consolidated, hypogynous, usually 3, of which 1 is anterior and larger than the rest. Stamens usually in a tube; anthers innate, 1-celled, and opening at their apex.