non and the nortar are not only much dearer, but much heavier machines than the balista or catapulta, and require a greater expense not only to prepare them for the field but to carry them to it. As the superiority of the modern artillery too over that of the ancients is very great, it has become much more difficult, and consequently much more expensive, to fortify a town so as to resist, even for a few weeks, the attack of that superior artillery. In modern war, the great expense of fire-arms gives an evident advantage to the nation which can best afford that expense; and consequently to an opulent and civilised, over a poor and barbarous nation. In ancient times, the opulent and civilised found it difficult to defend themselves against the poor and barbarous nations. In modern times, the poor and barbarous find it difficult to defend themselves against the opulent and civilised. The invention of fire-arms, therefore, an invention, which at first sight appears to be so pernicious, is certainly favorable, both to the permanency and to the extension of civilisation. And, on the whole, the invention of gun-powder and modern artillery may be said to have saved the effusion of human blood. Equestrian engagements (the principles on which cavalry act being nearly the same in every age,) are still similar in circumstances to those which appear so extraordinary in the battles of antiquity.

The present artillery of Great Britain is admitted to be the most perfect force of that description in Europe. It was until recently divided into the artillery of the park, the horse artillery, and the battalion guns, viz. all the light pieces of ordnance attached to regiments of the line. This latter description, however, has been discontinued of late, and brigades of foot and horse now comprehend the whole of our regular artillery. A brigade of foot artillery has either five medium 12-pounders and a heavy 5-inch howitzer; five 9-pounders and ditto; five long 6-pounders and ditto; five light 6-pounders and a light 54inch howitzer; or six 3-pounders when acting in a mountainous district. In the late war the 9-pounders were more generally used, as best opposed to the 8-pounders of the French army. The guns and howitzers are accompanied by ammunition cars, upon a new principle. To every brigade is a forge cart, a camp equipage waggon, and sparegun carriage, with spare wheels, and tools for a wheeler, collar-maker, and carriage-smith. The proportioning of field and battering ordnance, for foreign service, is a business of great importance, from the knowledge which is requisite to fix upon all the numerous articies to accompany the service, and the method to be pursued in equalising, arranging, and disposing of the guns, ammunition, and stores. No certain criterion can ever be established as to the proportion of artillery to be sent upon any expedition, as it must depend entirely upon the nature of the service; and great changes are generally made to suit the ideas of the officer who is to command the army, and also those of the officer of artillery, who may be selected to accompany it. But two brigades of field artillery to a division of an army consisting of 6000 men, may be considered a good proportion, independent of the reserve park.

A troop of British horse artillery has generally five 6-pounders and one light 54-inch howitzer. The French have generally 8-pounders and a 6-inch howitzer. Each troop consisting of one captain, one second captain, three subalterns, two staff serjeants, twelve non-commissioned officers, seventy-five gunners, forty-six drivers, six artificers, and one trumpeter, with eighty-six draught horses, and fifty-six riding horses, and six pieces of ordnance, with carriages for the conveyance of ammunition, camp equipage, and stores. Horse artillery was brought into the service of this country by the duke of Richmond in the year 1792. There is a colonel-commandant, two colonels en second, four lieutenantcolonels, and one major, attached to it. The movements of horse artillery are made with great celerity, and it has been found, that they are perfectly adapted to act with cavalry in the field, in their most rapid movements, and are considered as forming an essential addition to the artillery service.

The royal artillery drivers are a corps first formed about twelve years ago, by the duke of Richmond. Previous to the corps being established, the horses and drivers were provided by contract; but, as no reliance could be placed on the service of either men or horses so procured, it was found absolutely necessary to abolish so unmilitary and destructive a plan; and to employ able men well trained to the service. The artillery horses are now kept in the highest condition, the drivers being thoroughly drilled to the manœuvres of artillery, and capable of securing, by rapid movements, advantageous positions in the field. This change arises from the high state of excellence in which the brigades are equipped, and from the artillery men being, in particular cases, mounted upon the cars attending the brigades.

A park of artillery is a sort of movable supernumerary detachment, containing not only light guns, to replace such as may be lost or taken, but 12-pounders, or 18-pounders, with 8 inch howitzers, for the purpose of defending important positions, entrenched posts, &c. breaking down bridges, and conducting sieges. Attached to it also are the reserve officers and men of this service. In expedition service, where disembarkations of artillery take place, the depôt of reserve carriages, ammunition and stores, is usually formed near to the spot where the articles are landed from the ships, and a communication is kept up between the advanced park and the depot, from whence the articles are forwarded as demanded for the immediate exigencies of the park.

Regiments of artillery are always encamped, half on the right and half on the left of the park The company of bombardiers (when they are formed into companies, which is the case in almost every nation except England) always takes the right of the whole, and the lieutenant colonel's company the left; next to the bombardiers, the colonels, the majors, &c. so that the two youngest are next but one to the centre or park; the two companies next to the park are the miners on the right, and the artificers on the left. In the rear of, and thirty-six feet from, the park, are encamped the civil list, all in one line.

ARTISCUS; from aprog, bread; in medicine, denotes a troche, more particularly that prepared with vipers flesh mixed up with bread, to be used in the composition of Venice treacle. ARTIST. See ART.

An ARTIST has more correctly been defined one who practises any of the liberal arts as a profession, in distinction from the artisan who mixes them with trade and commerce. The ɔuilder, it is said, should not be called an archisect, nor should the sign-painter, the figurecaster, or plasterer, the chair-sculptor, commonly called cabinet-maker, the paper-hanger, or wall-decorator, be called artists, because their employments do not consist in the exercise of the higher faculties of the mind, but in practising lower departments of art, or in executing the thoughts and designs of others. We are told of a privilege granted at Vicenza to art.sts, something like the benefit of clergy in England, in virtue whereof a criminal adjudged to death saves his life if he can prove himself the most consummate workman in any useful art. This plea is allowed them, in favorem artis, for the first offence; except in some particular crimes, of which coining is one; for here the greater the artist the more dangerous the person.

ARTIZOOS; from αρτι short, and on, life; is used by some ancient physicians for an infant short-lived by reason of a difficult birth.

ARTOBRIGA, an ancient town of Vindelicia, now called Altzburg, in Bavaria, on the Danube, below Ingolstadt, according to Aventinus; but Cluverius supposes it to be Labenau on the Saltzbach, below Lauffen, in the archbishopric of Saltsburg.

ARTOCARPUS; from aprog, bread, and Kaprog, fruit; the bread-fruit tree; a genus of the monandria order and monacia class; natural order, urticæ. It has a cylindric amentum, thickens gradually, and is covered with flowers: the male and female in a different amentum. In the male, CAL. none; coR. bivalved. In the female no calyx nor corolla; stylus, one, and the drupa is many celled. The species are, artocarpus incisa, sitodium incisum, radermachia incisa, soccus lanosus, seu granosus, in French le rima, ou fruit à pain, bread-fruit tree, native of the Molucca Islands. Artocarpus integrifolia, sitodium macrocarpon, seu cauliflorum, radermachia integra, soccus arboreus, seu tojacca-marum Indica, Indian jaca tree, a shrub, native of the Fast Indies. Artocarpus Philippensis, a shrub, native of the Phillippine Islands. Artocarpus pubescens, ansjeli, seu castania malabarica, a shrub, native of Malabar. Though this tree has been mentioned by many voyagers, particularly by Dampier, Rumphius, and Lord Anson, yet very little notice seems to have been taken of it till the return of Captain Wallis from the South Seas. Dampier states that in Guam, one of the Ladrone islands, there is a certain fruit called the bread-fruit, growing on a tree as big as our large apple-trees, with dark leaves. It is round, and grows on the boughs like apples, of the bigness of a good penny loaf: when ripe it turns yellow, soft, and sweet, but the natives take it green, and bake it in an oven till the rind is black; this they scrape off and eat the inside,

which is soft and white, like the inside of newbaked bread, having neither seed nor stone; but if kept above twenty-four hours it is harsh. As this fruit is in season eight months in the year, the natives feed upon no other sort of bread during that time.' Rumphius says, the fruit is shaped like a heart, and increases to the size of a child's head. Its surface or rind is thick, green, and covered everywhere with warts of a quadragonal or hexagonal figure, like cut diamonds, but without points. The more flat and smooth these warts are the fewer seeds are contained in the fruit, and the greater is the quantity of pith, and that of a more glutinous nature. The internal part of the rind, or peel, consists of a fleshy substance, full of twisted fibres, which have the appearance of fine wool; these adhere to and in some measure form it. The fleshy part becomes softer towards the middle, where there is a small cavity formed without any nuts or seeds, except in one species which has but a small number, and this sort is not good unless it is baked or prepared some other way; but if the outward rind be taken off, and the fibrous flesh dried and afterwards boiled with meat as we do cabbage, it has then the taste of artichoke bottoms. The inhabitants of Amboyna dress it in the liquor of cocoa-nuts, but they prefer it roasted on coals till the outward part or peel is burnt. They afterwards cut it into pieces and eat it with the milk of the cocoa-nut. Some people make fritters of it, or fry it in oil; and others, as the Sumatrans, dry the internal soft part, and keep it to use, instead of bread, with other food. It affords a great deal of nourishment, and is very satisfying, therefore proper for hard-working people; and being of gentle astringent quality is good for persons of a laxative habit of body. It is more nourishing boiled in our manner with fat meat, than roasted on coals. The milky juice which distils from the trunk, boiled with the cocoa-nut oil, makes a very strong bird-lime. This tree is to be found on the eastern parts of Sumatra, and in the Malay language is called soccus and soccum capas.. It grows likewise about the town of Bantam in Java, and in Balega and Madura.'

In 1791 a vessel was fitted out for the purpose of conveying a quantity of these inestimable trees to various parts of his majesty's colonies, under the command of Captain Bligh, who set sail on the 2d of August, and arrived at Otaheite April 8, 1792. The number of plants taken on board at Otaheite was 2634, in 1281 pots, tubs, and cases; and of these 1151 were bread-fruit trees. When they arrived at Coupang 200 plants were dead; but the rest were in good order. They arrived at St. Helena with 830 fine bread-fruit trees, besides other plants. Here they left some of them, and from hence the East Indies may be supplied with them. On their arrival at St. Vincent's they had 678 breadfruit trees. Nearly half this cargo was deposited here for the use of the Windward Islands; and the remainder, intended for the Leeward Islands, was conveyed to Jamaica, and distributed as the governor and council of Jamaica pleased to direct. The exact number of bread-fruit trees brought to Jamaica was 352, out of which five only were

fruit tree.

reserved for the botanic garden at Kew. There is a distinction between that which bears fruit with stones or seeds, and that in which the fruit has none. The parts of fructification of that tree which bears the fruit without stones are defective. The amentum, or catkin, which contains the male parts, never expands. The styli, or female parts of the fruit, are likewise deficient from which it follows that there can be no stones or seeds, and therefore this tree can only be propagated by suckers or layers; although it is abundantly evident that it must originally have proceeded from the seed-bearing breadInstances of this kind we sometimes find in European fruit, such as the barberry and the Corinthian grape from Zant, commonly called currants, which can therefore be increased only by layers and cuttings. Dr. Solander was assured by the oldest inhabitants of Otaheite, and the adjoining islands, that they well remembered there was formerly plenty of the seed-bearing bread-fruit; but they had been neglected on account of the preference given to the bread-fruit without seed, which they propagate by suckers. ARTOIS, a ci-devant province of France, extremely fertile, and formerly one of the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands. The name was derived from the Atrebates, the ancient inhabitants. Its greatest length from north to south was about twenty-four leagues, and its breadth about twelve, being bounded on the south and west by Picardy; on the east by Hainault; and on the north by Flanders. It is now included in the department of the Straits of Calais. Artois was always accounted a very productive province. It is rich in corn and hops, but is deficient in wood, and yields little wine or fruit. The chief articles of export are grain, flax, hops, wool, oil, cabbage, and rape-seed.

ARTOMELI; from apros, bread, and μe, honey; in ancient pharmacy, a kind of cataplasm, prepared of bread and honey.

ARTOTYRITES; from αρτος and τυρος, cheese; a branch of the ancient Montanists, who first appeared in the second century in Galatia. They used bread and cheese in the Eucharist, or perhaps bread baked with cheese. Their reason was, that the first men offered to God not only the fruits of the earth, but of their flocks too. The artotyrites admitted women to the, priesthood, and even to be bishops; and Epiphanius informs us, that it was a common thing to see seven girls at once enter into their church robed in white, and holding torches in their hands; where they wept and bewailed the wretchedness of human nature, and the miseries of this life.

ARTZEN, a market-town and bailiwic of Calenberg, in the principality of Hanover, between the Homme and Weser. To the bailiwic belong twenty-two villages and the castle of Furstenberg, formerly the property of the count of Oberstein. This town is the seat of an ecclesiastical superintendant.

ARVAD, or ARADUS, an ancient city of Phonicia, built on a small island, south of Tyre, about three miles from the continent. It was formerly famous for commerce and riches, and shared the fate of Tyre. It is now called Ruwadde, and belongs to the Turks. It is quite ruinous, having only an old fort and a few can

non to defend it; but the height of the island gives it a fine appearance from a distance. ARVAL, a town of Hindostan, in the district and province of Bahar, forty miles south-west of Patna. ARVALES FRATRES, in Roman antiquity, a college of twelve priests, instituted by Romulus, and chosen out of the most noble families, himself being one of the body: they assisted in the sacrifices of the ambervalia, annually offered to Ceres and Bacchus for the prosperity of the fruits of the earth, when they wore on their heads crowns made of ears of corn. The origin of this institution was as follows: Acca Laurentia, Romulus' nurse, was accustomed once a year to make a solemn sacrifice for a blessing on the fields, her twelve sons always assisting her in the solemnity; but at last losing one of them, Romulus offered himself to supply his place, and gave this small society the name of Arvales fratres. This order was in great repute at Rome; they held the dignity for life, and never lost it on account of imprisonment or banishment.

ARUANUS, in conchology, a species of murex, found on the coast of New Guinea. The tail is patulous; the spire crowned with spines. This is the buccinum aruanum of Rumphius.

ARVENSIS, in entomology, a species of curculio; gray, with three lines on the thorax; the wing-cases rufous, and tessalated. Also a species of cicada, a native of Denmark: yellow; abdomen and sides black. A species of phalæna; the phalæna noctua of Linnæus. The wings are brown, with a transverse yellow spot in the middle; margin brown. This is the noctua brunnea of Schmetterl. Also a species of Vespa, found in Europe, with four yellow bands on the abdomen.

They

ARVERNI, a brave and ancient people; one of the most powerful nations of Gaul claimed affinity with the Romans, as descendants from Antenor; and after their subjugation by the latter, their ancient liberty was preserved to them on account of their bravery.

ARVICOLA, in entomology, a species of scarabæus, found in Russia: the shield of the head reflected; the body black.

ARVIRAGUS, the son of Cunobelin, a British king, in the time of Claudius and Domitian.

ARUM, or WAKE-ROBIN, in botany, a genus of plants of the class monoecia; order, polyandria. There are several species, of which the following are the most remarkable. The generic characters are CAL. spathe,one-leaved: COR. none: STAM. filaments, none; anthers, sessile: PIST. germ, obovate; style, none; stigma, bearded: PER. berry, globular; seeds, several. A. arborescens, or dumb cane, is a native of the sugar islands and warm parts of America, where it grows chiefly on low grounds. A. arisarium as well as the A. proboscidium and A. tenuifolium have usually been separated from this genus, and distinguished by the general name of arilarum, or friar's cowl: the flower bears in April. A. colocasia, as well as the A. divaricatum, esculentum, peregrinum, and sagittifolium, have all mild roots, which are eaten by the inhabitants of hot countries, where they grow naturally. A. dracunculus, or the common dragon's cane, grows naturally in most of the southern parts of Europe. A. Italicum, a native of Italy, Spain,