1 antimony, afford crusts which may be confounded with that arising from arsenic. So far as the objection applies to antimony, you shall form your own opinion hereafter; as regards stains in the substance of glass, you may form an opinion presently. It is scarcely possible for a beginner to fuse a glass tube in a spiritlamp flame without giving rise to a dark stain in the glass-this stain depends upon the change of oxide of lead, an ingredient of flint-glass, into metallic lead. If, instead of a spirit-lamp flame, that of an oil lamp be employed, then, in addition to the lead stains, others are apt to be produced by the imbedding of charcoal in the fused glass. These stains, it is said, may be confounded with the arsenical crust; but if the remark apply in any degree, it can only apply to the most careless of observers. An arsenical crust may be volatilised, and caused to deposit further on towards the mouth of the tube: lead and charcoal stains are fixed, at least so far as locality is concerned. By dexterous manipulation they may sometimes be altogether removed; but the operation of removing them causes no fresh stain. Remark well the appearance of an arsenical crust, and never fear you will mistake it for anything else. A very simple plan of avoiding lead stains consists in the use of glass which is totally free from lead. The glass known as German or Bohemian is of this kind. I have not recommended it to the beginner, on account of its extreme infusibility, and the difficulty with which it is worked. 1 LOOK ALOFT. In the tempest of life, when the wave and the gale IMPERATIVE INFINITIVE. PARTICIPLE. Present Tense. Present Tense. Present. 2 wisse du, know thou. wissend, knowing. 3. wisse er, let him know. 1. wissen wir, let us know. 2. wisset ihr, know ye. 3. wissen sie, let them know wissen, to know. Perfect Tense. gewußt haben, to have known. Perfect. gevust, know. مسجد só-no kon-tés-sah Seven I am Red (fem.) Extended The same Abbot ah-noo-láh-rai ahn-nool-láh-rai kom-mét-tah ros-sét-to I allure Dill, a plan I annex Ring-finger To abolish, annul He kept his word He may commit (a crime) roses Reddish I shall now proceed to an explanation of the Italian accents as they are used in Italian writing and printing; for I He batters down, he have already remarked on the accent of tone (an accent not abates Ingrafting Insect Invitation Invincible * One of the exceptional words, where the s must be pronounced with a sharp, hissing sound, though it is placed between two Vowels. marked in Italian writing and printing), and its primary importance in the enunciation of each word. This is, properly speaking, rather a part of orthography than of pronunciation; but I speak of it here because it is so intimately connected with the rules of pronunciation, and, indeed, with the whole grammar, that I prefer to explain it at the beginning of these grammatical instructions, instead of at the end of them, as generally grammarians do Strictly speaking, there is only one Italian accent, which is the grave accent, marked with a stroke from the left to the right, thus (). Its use is not left to the discretion of the writer, but is regulated by invariable rules: its omission is therefore an infraction of grammatical laws. A characteristic of this accent is, that only final letters of Italian words can be marked with it. It is placed è (ê), is, and vi (vee) there evvi (êv-vee), there is. più (peeoó), more, and tosto (tô-sto), soon=piuttosto (peeootô-sto), sooner, rather. già (jah), indeed, and mai (mahee), never-giammai (jahm give me. fa (fah), do, and mi (mee), to me fammi (fáhm-mee), do me. 1st. On the last vowel of those words of more than one syllable, the pronunciation of which requires a very emphatic stressmáhee), never. to be laid on that vowel; as, for example, pietà (peeai-táh),* đà (dah), give, and mi (mee), to me dammi (dáhm-mee), piety, pity; bontà (bon-tá), goodness; libertà (lee-berr-táh), liberty; carità (kah-ree-táh), charity; virtù (virr-toó), virtue; gioventù (jo-ven-toó), youth; però (pai-rô), for that reason, still; amò (ah-mô), he loved; credè (krai-dai), he believed; udi (oo-deé), he heard; amerò (ah-mai-rô), I shall love; costi (ko-steé), here; costa (ko-stáh), there; cosi (ko-seé),† thus. 2nd. On some monosyllables, where, to avoid ambiguity and confusion, the grave accent is used as a means of indicating the difference of signification. For example: 3rd. It is placed on those monosyllables which have more than one vowel as termination, to indicate the necessity of pronouncing them as monosyllables; as, for example: ciò (tchô), that, what; può (pooô), he can; più (peeoó), more; giù (joo), below; quì (kwee), here; sie (seeê), he is seated (for siede). Other monosyllables offer no ambiguity, and must therefore be considered as naturally unaccented, as they can neither be confounded with other words of the same spelling, nor can their pronunciation offer any difficulty. To mark these, as is sometimes done, with a grave accent, merely because they are monosyllables, is not only a grammatical fault, but useless, serving no purpose whatever, and encumbering Italian writing with superfluous signs; for example: re (rai), king; fu (foo), was; gru (groo), crane; su (soo), above; ce (tchai), us, here; ma (mah), but; mo (mô), now; no (nô), not; so (sô), I know; me (mai), me; &c. Of the monosyllable qua (kwah), here, it may be remarked that it is more frequently written without than with the grave accent, and of ste (stê), he stood (for stette), that being an abbreviated word, it is always written with the grave accent. I shall terminate these remarks on the grave accent with two important rules, of very frequent application in Italian grammar. 1. When any monosyllable, written with the grave accent or unaccented, or when any word of more syllables than one, having the grave accent on its final vowel, is joined to another word so as to make a compound with it, the initial consonant of the latter word (unless an s with another consonant to follow) must be, strongly vibrated in pronunciation, and there. fore doubled in writing, and the grave accent of the first word taken off. For example: * For the sake of consistency of system, I shall not deviate, in these cases, from my usual practice of marking every syllable which has the accent of tone by the acute or circumflex sign. The reader will, of course, understand that these are mere arbitrary signs used for the purpose of instruction, and which must not be imitated when he may have occasion to write words requiring the grave accent. †This is another of those exceptional words where the s must be pronounced with a sharp, hissing sound, though it is placed between two vowels. It is obvious, from its meaning, that, like cosa (ko-sah), thing, it is of the most frequent occurrence. amò (ah-mô), he loved, and la (lah), her amolla (ah-môllah), he loved her. farò (fah-rô), I shall do, and lo (lo), it—farollo (fah-rôl-lo), I shall do it. fra (frah), between, and tanto (táhn-to), so much or so long a time frattanto (fraht-táhn-to), in the mean time. da (dah), from, and lo (lo), the≈dallo (dáhl-lo), from the. su (soo), upon, and lo (lo), the sullo (soól-lo), upon the. 2. Monosyllables, though naturally unaccented, must be marked with the grave accent, when as last syllables of a compound they are joined to particles or other words. For example: per (per), through, and che (kai), which—perchè (perr-kái), why, because. a (ah), to, and do (dô), I give≈adzʊ (ahd-dô), I apply myself to. contra (kón-trah), against, and fo (fô), I make contraffo (kon-trahf-fô), I counterfeit. ri (ree), a particle, and ho (hô), I have—rikò or rið (ree-ô), I have or get again. ri (ree), a particle, and so (sô), I know—risó (ree-sô), I know by hearsay, I learn. sopra (só-prah), upon, and sto (stô), I stand—soprastò (sopra-stô), I am above. trus (trahs), a particle, and vo (vô), I go–trasuò (trahs-vô), I pass beyond or exceed. qua (kwah), here, and su (soo), above quassù (kwahs-soó), up here. mai (mahee), never, and no (nô), not—mainô (mahee-nô), no, not at all. oi (oee), ah! alas! and me (mai), me=moinè (one-mái), alas! unhappy me! vice (vée-tchai), substitute, and re (rai), king=vicerè (veetchai-rái), viceroy. And so all the numerous and similar compounds of che, the compounds of su, and of the verbs do, fo, ho, so, sto, vo, &c. The acute accent has been adopted by modern authors as the mark to show the difference of meaning in some words of the same spelling, though differently pronounced, which words, without the acute sign, might occasion confusion and ambiguity, particularly in the case where words of more than one syllable terminate in the diphthongs ia, ie, and io, and from the use of the acute sign over the i, and the necessary stress laid on the syllable thus accented, acquire a different signification. But even in words ending in io and ia, and presenting no ambiguity, the acute sign is not unfrequently placed merely to indicate that the letter i does not make the two terminating vowels o and a in conjunction with the i diphthongs, but that they are separate syllables. It is a characteristic of the acute sign that it can never be used in final letters, as the grave accent is used. But the use of this accent is, generally speaking, not regulated by invariable rules, and is frequently left to the discretion of the writer. I need not say that the acute sign, which I have adopted in these grammatical instructions, exactly answers the purpose for which it has been_introduced by Italian writers, with this difference only, that I shall use it throughout the whole course of the grammar, while they place it merely on some words to avoid ambiguity. I shall only give a list of words where it is more generally used, some of which I have already quoted in the preceding pronouncing tables: natio (nah - teé-o), natía (nah - teé - ah), natal, native; restio (rai-steé-o), restive, stubborn; stanto (stahnteé-o), old, rancid, fruitless; leggio (led-jeé-o), reading-desk, a painter's easel; ubbia 'oob-beé-ah), bad presage; maka (mah - leé - ah), sorcery, enchantment; bastía (ba-steé-ak), ful learning of the liberal arts softens the character; but we bastion; strofinio (stro-fee-née-o), scouring, rubbing; mormorío consider to trip, to err, to be ignorant, to be deceived, both an evil (morr-mo-rée-o), buzzing, murmur; rovinio (ro-vee-née-o, great noise; fócine (feeô-tchee-nai), skin of raisin-stones; súfolo (tsóo-fo-lo), flute, whistling; margine (máhrr-jee-nai), scar, edge, margin. and a disgrace; do not wish that which cannot be [dele the comma after fieri]; do not forget that you are Cicero; arrange so as to thing new takes place; I wish I could avoid not only the blame but postpone (the matter) to another day; I will let you know if anyalso the suspicion; I wish I could find the true as easily as I can confute the false; I wish the occasion had not offered in which you might ascertain how much I value Pompey, how much Brutus ; would that you would pardon me; I wish you to write whatever comes into your mind; the senate voted that the consuls shouldtake care that the republic received no injury; you should love me, not mine; man must die; your diction should flower forth from a familiarity with your matter; I pass the fact that he chose this abode as his home; it is the time for making greater efforts; he bours; I am ready to sail; they are prepared to endure all things; formed the plan of thoroughly destroying the fortunes of his neighthey say that Demosthenes was accustomed to declaim before the sounding billows; we shall be in a better moral condition when we have learnt what nature requires; Plato, if only I can interpret him, uses pretty nearly these words; I will be as thou wishest me to be; he took steps for having very many houses built. Vol. III., p. 148.-ENGLISH-LATIN. De fratre tuo nihil habeo quod scribam; Deum esse cognovimus, plurima protulisse verba constat Demosthenem; quid dicas scio; quid dicturus sis scio; quid dicas sciam; id quod dixit pirata rex damnavit; ea quae dixisti damnavit pater meus; esse quam videri bonus malim; illis pecuniam colligere non vacat; videri docta vult soror tua; eloquentem esse Tullionem scio; abisse patrem sciunt; quando rediturae sint sorores ignorant; quando rediturae essent sorores ignorabant; quid agas vident; nemo tam erat quin quid ageres videret. Vol. III,, p. 155.-LATIN-ENGLISH. caecus No one knows what the late evening may bring; go, create consuls from the common people; the patricians raging say that they were going and creating consuls from the people; he will know this when he breathes his last; he said that he would know this when he breathed his last; I will do what the consul commanded; he says that he will do what the consul commands; he A KEY TO THE EXERCISES IN THE said that he would do what the consul commanded (he said) that LATIN LESSONS. By JOHN R. BEARD, D.D. (Continued from page 120, Vol. IV.) Vol. III., p. 130.-ENGLISH-LATIN. you ought not to deal with him as with a citizen who had formed the hope of gaining a crown; it is announced to Caesar that the Sulmonenses are desirous to do what he wished; the soldiers send ambassadors to Caesar (saying) that they are ready to open the gates, and to do whatever he commands; that he might punish the guilty, that he would pardon those who had erred, and that he would lead them against the enemy; while I was absent, as often as I thought of my country, all these things occurred to me-the hills, the plains, and the Tiber, and these skies under which I was Athenis vixit soror mea; Athenas frater tuus ivit; ab Athenis born and brought up; it is a custom at Athens to eulogise in a ivit Consul; a Gallia in Angliam veniet legatus; domine est mater? public assembly such as have been slain in battle; Themistocles quantâ horâ domi erit; Corinthum proficisitur regina; apud Regi- walked abroad by night, because he was unable to sleep; no cha nam multum est argenti et auri; eo rus; rure est pater; rure racter appears more suitable to speak of old age; no human sight quando veniet soror? belli domique fortes sunt Angli; plectitur has power to penetrate into heaven; innocence is that affection negligentiâ; voluptatis causâ juvenes officia deserent; tribuni which injures no one; we must take care to use that liberality plebis metu atque irâ creati sunt; esne sorte tuà laetus? beneficiis which may benefit friends and injure no one; no race of men is so Sunt onusti; instructi sunt pueri libris; linguis tutantur se feminae; brutish as not to have some idea of God; the Campanians commille libris donavit me pater; juvenes ludo delectantur; Deum mitted faults too great for pardon; I am the person to hold that purâ mente venerati sunt; est homo excelsâ staturâ; singulari it is better to yield to Caesar what he demands than to join battle; pulchritudine est soror tua; prisci Britanni horrido dicuntur fuisse it is more easy to find those who of their own accord offer themaspectu; erat Caesar dux summa virtute; flumen difficile est selves to death than those who bear pain patiently; there is no one transitu; haec domus auro non est venalis; Homeri poemata who does not prefer having all the integral parts of his body uningemmis non mercantur; aestate cantant aves, ludunt pueri; inter-jured; who is there but discerns how great is the power in the fecto duce, fugerunt milites; sole oriente, nox abit; non semper senses; there is nothing which may not be injured by being badly sapiunt sapientes. told; there is nothing that does not perish; acquit him who confesses that he took possession of the greatest sums of money to the very great injury of our allies; that kind of utterance is to be chosen which may chiefly hold the attention of the auditors; who art thou? I know not who I am; there will be many to whom you may properly give a letter; there is no living being except man brilliant than (that) of any fire, since it shines so far and so wide in which has any notion of God; the shining of the sun is more the measureless universe. Vol. III., p. 147.-LATIN-ENGLISH. I have nothing to write respecting the commonwealth; these are the things which I have to say; O Hannibal, thou knowest how to conquer, but how to profit by a conquest thou dost not know; Pelopidas did not hesitate to join battle as soon as he beheld the enemy; they proceed to go to Saguntum; all who desire to perform great things are wont to reflect long; Miltiades compelled the islands to return to their duty; the office of seeing that the commonwealth received no damage was assigned to Posthumius; Domitian took means for restoring the libraries destroyed (absumptas) by fire; they have begun to contend in arms; I prefer being well to being rich; for poets to be unpolished is a sign of negligence; I have the power to be happy; I forbid thee to be at rest; I allow thee to hold thy peace; they may be timid and cowardly; I have not time to be ill; men do not allow poets to be of ordinary merit; to a learned mind thought is life; the faith Vol. III., p. 155.-ENGLISH-LATIN. Quid afferat cras nescio; hostem esse venturum dicit; quando sit moriturus nemo cognoscit; scisne quando sint redituri qui venerint? vos non ridere quum ipsi se spectamini, miror; me non ridere te spectantem mirari dixit pater; aliusne aptior est qui Graecam doceat? qui pueros bonos ac diligentes faciat neminem aptiorem scio; noctu ambulabo quia somnum capere nequeo; virtus nulli nocet; sapiunt qui virtutem nulli nocere confirment; |