left to right, and from right to left, by means of a winch or lever MN; so that when one of the pistons is raised the other is lowered, and vice versa. The two barrels are cemented at the bottom to a brass support, which is furnished with a plate D, fig. 94; upon this plate stands a strong bell-shaped glass, with a ground edge, the former being sometimes called the platen, and the latter the receiver. It is in the receiver that the vacuum is to be made, or that the air is to be rarefied; in the centre c of the platen, there is an opening which forms a communication between the interior of the receiver and the barrels of the pump, by means of a tube represented in plan, in fig 95, and dividing itself into two branches, K cbs, and Kedo. In fig. 96, there is a representation of a vertical and anterior section of the barrels. It shows how the pinion H, worked by the lever м N, conveys the motion to the two racks, and consequently to the pistons r and Q. These pistons are not solid; in their interior is a cylindrical cavity closed at bottom by a small valve which has a weak spring. The cavity in which the valves are placed communicates with the upper part of the barrel by an aperture above the valve which is always open to the atmosphere for the egress of the air. Besides the valves placed in the interior of the pistons, two other valves o and s are placed at the bottom of the barrels. These valves are conical, and are each fixed to an iron rod, which easily slides up and down through the pistons. These barrels open and shut alternately the communication between the barrels and the receiver. If the piston P, for example, descends, it draws with it the iron 1od and shuts the valve s; if it rises, the rod and the valve are raised, but only a small height, because that this rod is of such a air which is below is gradually compressed until is elastic force exceeding the pressure of the atmosphere, raises the valve in the interior of the piston. The compressed air then passes above the piston, and, by the aperture in the top of the piston, escapes into the atmosphere. When the piston reaches the bottom of its course, all the air which had been withdrawn from the receiver is expelled. At the second stroke of the piston, the same series of operations takes place in succession in both barrels, until a limit has been reached, when the air which comes from the receiver is so rarefied that it can no longer raise the interior valve of the piston, even when the piston is at the bottom of the barrel. The Siphon-Gauge.-When the operation of pumping the air has been continued for a certain time, the elastic force of the air which remains in the receiver is measured by the difference of level which the mercury shows in the two branches of a tube bent in the form of an inverted siphon, the one branch being open and the other shut, as in the siphon-barometer. This appendage to the air-pump, when properly filled with mercury, is fixed on a vertical scale and placed under в, fig. 94, a small glass receiver of its own, which communicates with the platen receiver E by means of the tube which connects the aperture c in the platen with the barrels of the pump. Now, before any air has been withdrawn from the receiver, its elastic force balances the column of mercury in the siphon-gauge, and it is then full; but in proportion as the air is rarefied by the action of the pistons, the elastic force diminishes, and then it can no longer balance the column of mercury. This column sinks, and the mercury approaches the same level in both branches. If an absolute vacuum were obtained, the mercury ength that it soon strikes the top of the barrel, and then it only slides in the piston which afterwards rises by itself. 0. In order to understand the working of the machine, it will be sufficient to consider what takes place in one of the barrels, since they are both alike. When the piston Q, for instance, is first at the bottom of the cylinder, it is raised by the action of the winch, and it then draws with it the rod and the valve As to the valve which is in the interior of the piston, it remains closed while the latter is raised in consequence of its own weight and that of the atmosphere; for the tops of the barrels are pierced with small apertures m and n, by which the exterior pressure is conveyed. According to this arrangement of the valves, there is a tendency to the production of a vacuum below the piston as it moves upwards; but the air in the receiver, yielding to the law of its elasticity, passes partly into the barrel through the orifice o. If, for example, the volume of the barrel is of that of the receiver, then of the quantity of air in the latter passes into the barrel. When the piston moves downwards, the rod of the valve o is drawn down, this alve shuts, and the air in the barrel does not return into the acceiver. The piston continuing its motion downwards, the * Fig. 97. would reach exactly the same level; for there would be no pressure on it in either branch of the gauge. But with the best constructed machines, the level in the shut branch is always higher than that in the open branch, by about part of an inch, which shows that the vacuum is not perfect, and that there still remains a quantity of air, whose tension balances a column of mercury of about one-twenty-fifth part of an inch in height. It is evident that practically the air-pump cannot produce an absolute vacuum, because, as has been already observed, there is a limit where the air which remains in the receiver becomes so rarefied, that even when the pistons are at the bottom of the barrels, its elastic force cannot overcome the atmospheric pressure on the valves in the interior of the pistons, and consequently they can no longer be opened for the expulsion of the air from the receiver. Even theoretically, an absolute vacuum is impossible, because if, for example, the volume of each barrel is of that of the receiver, there is withdrawn, at every stroke of the piston, only r of the. quantity of air which remains in the receiver; consequently, the air which it contains can never completely be withdrawn. It can be shown, indeed, by an easy calculation, that it would require an infinite number of strokes of the piston to make a perfect vacuum in the receiver. Fig. 99, Improved Stop-Cock.-M. Robinet has applied to the airpump a stop-cock which admits of the rarefaction of the air being carried to a very great extent. This stop-cock is placed at the point where the connecting tube between the receiver and the two barrels separates into two branches, and it is perforated by several passages, which are successively used in working, by turning it in two different directions. Fig. 95 represents a horizontal section of this stop-cock B, in such a position, that by its central aperture, and its two lateral apertures, it establishes a communication between the orifice K in the platen, and the valves o and s. The machine then works as already described. In fig. 98, the stop-cock has been moved round by a quarter of a turn, and the transverse passage db, which was horizontal in fig. 95, is now vertical, and its orifices are shut by the sides of the tube. But a second passage, which was not u-ed at first, and which has taken the place of the former, now puts the barrel on the right alone in communication with the receiver by the passage cbs, fig. 93; and it also puts the barrel on the right in communication with that on the left by a passage a eo fig. 98, or aico fig 97. This passage proceeds from a central aperture a placed at the bottom of the barrel on the right, and terminates at the valve o of the other barrel on the right, and terminates at the valve o of the other barrel, passing through the stop-cock, as represented in figs. 89 and 90; but the same passage is shut by the stop-cock, when the latter is in its former position, as shown in figs. 95 and 96. This arrangement being understood, when the piston on the right is raised, the air is withdrawn from the receiver; but when it is lowered, the air which is withdrawn is now forced into the barrel on the left, through the orifice a, the passage ci, and the valve o, fig. 97, which is then open. When after this, the piston on the right is raised, that on the left is lowered, but the air which is below does not return into the barrel on the right, because the valve o is now shut. The piston on the right continuing thus to draw air from the receiver and to throw it into the barrel on the left, the air is accumulated in the latter, and reaches a tension sufficient to raise the valve of the piston Q, a thing which was imposFig. 100. sible before the application of the stop-cock with the double passage. Now, each time that we can thus open the valve a, some air is expelled. Use of the Air-pump.-A considerable number of experiments with the air-pump have been already explained in former lessons; such as the shower of mercury, the fall of bodies in a vacuum, the expansion of a flaccid bladder in a vacuum, the bladder-glass, the Magdeburg hemispheres, and the baroscope. The air-pump serves also to prove that the air, in consequence of the oxygen which it contains, is necessary to the support of combustion and of animal life. For example, if we place under the receiver, any lighted body, such as a candle, we see the flame diminishing as the exhaustion advances, and very soon becoming extinguished. In like manner, an animal placed under the receiver, first becomes motionless, and then dies, as the air within it becomes more and more rarefied. Mammifers and birds die at once in a vacuum. Fishes and reptiles can bear the want of air for a considerable time; and insects have been allowed to remain in a vacuum several days without losing their vitality. Substances liable to fermentation have been kept for a very long time in a vacuum, without the slightest alteration in their state, because they were not exposed to contact with oxygen, which is necessary to this process. Alimentary substances have been preserved for a long time in bottles hermetically sealed, in which a vacuum has been previously made; and they have been found as fresh at the end of several years as they were the first day they were sealed. The fountain in a vacuum, represented in fig. 99, is also an experiment which is performed with the air-pump, and which is employed to prove the expansive force of air. This is simply a bottle containing water and air. The mouth of the bottle is shut by a cork, and a tube immersed in the liquid, passes through it. The whole being now put under a receiver, as soon as the air in the receiver becomes sufficiently rarefied, the water issues from the upper extremity of the tube like a fountain—an effect which is produced by the pressure or elastic force of the air contained within the bottle. Another experiment is represented in fig. 100, which shows the pressure of the atmosphere on the human hand. This consists of a glass cylinder bottle-shaped at one extremity, and open at both ends. The larger end, ground and well greased, being put on the platen, and the palm of the hand placed on the upper end, a vacuum is made in the cylinder. The atmospheric pressure being no longer balanced in reference to the upper and lower surfaces of the hand, the upper surface is powerfully pressed on the top of the eylinder, and it can scarcely be withdrawn from its position except by a very strong effort. Besides the elasticity of the fluids in the organ being no longer counterbalanced by the weight of the atmosphere, the palm of the hand becomes swelled, and the blood has a tendency to issue from the pores 1 There are other tests; but we may simply pass them over; the best have already been indicated-more would be needless at present. Method of obtaining Silver in a Metallic Form from a Silver Solution.-Not every metal, as I have already stated in the preceding lesson, readily admits of being recovered from its solution in a metallic state. Silver is embarrassed with fewer difficulties than any other in this respect, many efficient processes existing by which it may be obtained in a pure metallic condition. Amospheric Railway.-An important application of the silver in solution. The learner must not imagine them, howvacuum principle was made some years ago in the construc-ever, to be the only tests. There exist others, of which the tion of atmospheric railways. Vallance, an Englishman, following are importart:appears to have been the original inventor, in 1824; but it was Solution of iodide of potassium-known in certain country only in 1831, that the first atmospheric railway was construc- shops under the name of hydriodate of potash-throws down ted in Ireland, by the engineers Messrs. Clegg and Samuda. from salts of silver a palish-yellow precipitate. Metallic copThe principal details of this principle of railways is represented per, immersed in a solution of silver-or, at any rate, in a in fig. 101. A cast iron pipe м N, is placed between the rails, solution of nitrate of silver, throws down the metal in a finelythe whole length of the road. In the interior, there is a piston divided metallic form. A, with a rod of about ten feet long terminated by a counterweight B. The first carriage is connected with the piston-rod by an iron plate c. To allow of the play of this plate as the piston advances, a longitudinal slit is made along the whole length of the pipe; this is covered by a continuous band of leather, so that when the train is in motion, it is gradually raised as it proceeds. In fig. 102, a transverse section of the pipe, and of the parts now mentioned, is represented; where x is the piston rod; c the plate which connects it with the train; E the covering valve, at the instant when it is opened to admit of the passage of the plate c. The prime mover of the train is the atmospheric pressure. For this purpose, the extremity N of the pipe remains open, while the other extremity м is shut, and is put in communication with a powerful exhausting machine, or air-pump, driven by a steam engine. In the front of the piston, therefore, the air is rarefied, and the pressure is thus reduced to one-third or one-fourth of that of the atmosphere, whilst in the rear of the piston, the whole of the atmo- | spheric pressure is permitted to act. The piston, therefore, advances in the direction of N M, drawing after it the whole of the train. It is necessary that the valve which closes the longitudinal aperture or slit in the pipe should only be raised to admit of the passage of the plate c, when the piston is passing; if this precaution were not taken, the air would find its way into that part of the pipe which is in advance of the piston. This object is attained by means of a disc fixed on the piston-rod and projecting into the longitudinal slit of the pipe, so as to raise the valve E. K is a piece or part of the first carriage in the train, which shuts this valve as the train pro-complished, we should have exactly copied the procedure of ceeds on its journey. In the figure, the parts of the piston are exhibited on a scale twice the size of that of the carriages. LESSONS IN CHEMISTRY.-No. XX. BEFORE resuming our active consideration of the metal silver, I feel it desirable to draw the reader's attention to a fact, which I trust, however, he will have already recognised and given it due consideration. He can scarcely fail to have seen that the preceding lesson, although totally devoid of showy experiments, contained several aggregative groups of facts of the highest importance. The learner should master them one by one, and every one. It is not for me to tell him how this mastery is to be effected. Different people have different methods. Some persons depend on frequent reading; some on frequent writing; some rely on frequent experiments. Any plan that accomplishes the end is good; but I would recommend the following as an accessory at least. Write each little aggregation of facts in large characters on a large piece of paper, and stick or pin those pieces of paper in your bed-room, or some other part of the house where you must see them every day. It is astonishing how, in this way, deductions become impressed on the mind, absorbed, as it were, unconsciously by the recipient. Nor is the result to be marvelled at, when we reflect on the mind's susceptibility to external images and impressions. Who is there amongst us who can recall a house, which we have often seen, except with all the accessories of trees and flowers, and other local objects in relation to it at the period of our last view? Who is there, who, after having seen a certain room, with its accessories of furniture, does not feel the mental impression to be violated by any alteration? Thus it is. The mind unconsciously takes a sort of daguerreotype image of things around us: houses, furniture, faces, and chemical deductions printed or written on a sheet of paper. Once for all, the facts must be learned. The plan which we have followed in the preceding lesson furnishes an epitome of the chief tests for Reduction by Copper. First of all, we have seen that it admits of being thrown down from a solution in nitric acid by immersion of a piece of copper. The metal may be precipitated in such a condition of fine powder, that the metallic character is scarcely recoverable. However, if a little quicksilver be thrown into the vessel in which the powder is deposited, and agitated, the quicksilver and the silver will combine, forming a sort of metallic paste, to which the term silver amalgam is applied, amalgan being the general expression indicating the composition of any metal with quicksilver. If this amalgam be strongly heated in a crucible, or even the bowl of a tobacco-pipe, all the quicksilver will escape in vapour, and all the silver will remain as a sort of button. The reader will easily see, that instead of simply evaporating away the quicksilver, and allowing it to go to waste, as in our experiment, the process of distillation might have been had recourse to; in which case the quicksilver would have been recovered. Supposing this to have been acthe gold and silver metallurgist, who extracts goid almost universally, and silver from certain ores by the process of amalgamation, as it is called: that is to say, he first brings the gold or silver particles in contact with mercury or quicksilver under favourable conditions; accomplishes their union, and finally, distilling away the quicksilver, leaves the noble metal pure. Of all the machines devised for the purpose of conducting amalgamation on the large scale, Berdan's, of which a diagram, fig. 5, is appended, is the best. It consists of cast-iron basins (their number variable), in each of which rotate two cast-iron bolts-the rotation being effected by motion imparted to the basins. Into each basin is piaced a portion of the ore to be crushed and amalgamated along with water and quicksilver. The machine being now set in motion, the ore is speedily reduced to powder; and, coming into contact with the quicksilver, amalgamation is effected. But the chief peculiarity of the machine consists in this. Under each basin is a fire, which, heating the contents, the mercury comes in contact with the metal, hot and expanded-conditions under which its combining agency is greatly exalted. Although metallic silver may be readily obtained from a solution of its nitrate by precipitation with copper, nevertheless this plan is not frequently had recourse to in practice. Far more usual is it to throw it down as a chloride, by the addition of hydrochloric acid, or solution of common salt, and subsequently extract from this chloride its contained silver. Two processes may be adopted for accomplishing this: the first is reduction by fusion with a carbonated alkali; the second is reduction by contact with metallic zinc. Before trying this process, let us examine, a little more attentively than we have done, the substance chloride of silver. To this end, let the student prepare some, by the addition of a solution of common salt to a solution of nitrate of silver. The operation will be most conveniently performed in a Florence flask; and the solution of common salt should be added, little by little, until no further precipitate results. The precipitate being white, assimilates, so far as relates to colour, with thousands, nay, tens of thousands of other substances; but certain physical appearances presented by it are so peculiar, that it might be Fig. 6. Let the student now take the flask in which the mixture has been effected, and agitate it circularly, fig. 6. Thus treated, he will find the diffused particles of the precipitate soon aggregate into one curdy mass, and, depositing, will leave the supernatant liquid clear. Thus we not only have a good characteristic of chloride of silver, but we have a means of practically separating it in the course of analysis; but the test of ultimate appeal for chloride of silver is hartshorn-liquor ammonia in which it readily dissolves, although totally insoluble in nitric acid. Other White Precipitates occurring in Silver Solutions, and how they may be distinguished from the Chloride.-Solutions of oxalic, tartaric, sulphuric, sulphurous, carbonic, and many other acids, as well as their combinations, yield white precipitates when projected into silver solutions; but these may be readily determined not to be the chloride, by means of nitric acid and ammonia. The reader may try experiments with some or all of these tests, if he pleases; but their fuller description more properly belongs to another part of our subject. Meantime, it may be as well to point out that the only two white silver is easily recognised; and therefore, by negative evidence the former. Having procured some chloride of silver, let the student expose a portion of it to sun-light; and, remarking the blackening which ensues, let him associate this appearance with the subsrance chloride of silver-and, indeed, with silver salts-all of which, if exposed to the direct agency of light, in contact with organic matter, assume a dark tint. Resuming now the process of extracting silver from its chloride, proceed thus. Collect a portion of chloride; squeeze it between blotting-paper until nearly dry; mix it with twice its weight of carbonate of soda (washing soda), and fuse it in a crucible or tobacco-pipe bowl. Chloride of sodium and metallic silver will result, as rendered evident by the appended diagram: The chloride of sodium, being soluble, may be removed by washing, then leaving the silver pure. Process of Reduction by Zinc. - A far more generally applicable chloride consists in agitating it with a sheet of metallic zine and elegant method of obtaining metallic silver from its immersed in water, slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid. Treated thus, chloride of silver is rapidly decomposed, with the formation of chloride of zinc and the liberation of metallic silver. If the materials, i. e. zinc, acid, and water, be all quite pure, then the resulting precipitated silver will be chemically pure also, and may be freed from any adherent chloride of zinc by copious ablution. This plan of obtaining silver from chloride of silver is of frequent occurrence in the laboratory, where the valuable precipitate continually accumulates as the result of testing; and, in this way, the student may obtain all the silver contained in what remains of the nitrate of silver which he has dissolved for the purpose of experiment. LESSONS IN ITALIAN GRAMMAR.-No. XX. BY CHARLES TAUSENAU, M.D., Of the University of Pavia, and Professor of the Italian and German Con. Fu uc-cí-so con un cól-po di pi-stô-la. Con sem-bián-te turbá-to mi dis-se. Con i-cu-dio. Con i-stu-pó-re. Que-sti bot-tó-ni non s'ac-côr-da-no col co-ló-re. Ví-a di quà con qué-sta cô-sa. Con bêl gár-bo (or con bèl-la grá-zia). Con pôco gár-bo. Con sú-a buô-na grá-zia. Con 6-gni ma-gai-ficên-za. Con ó-gni fôr-za. Con ri-spet-to par-lán-do (or sálva vê-nia). VOCABULARY. purpose, of purpose, designedly, intentionally). handkerchief, Stupore, astonishment, When the preposition with denotes company, society, union, community, connexion, or when it denotes the instrument or Si netta, he wipes himself means by which something is effected, it coincides with the clean. use of con in Italian. In the former case, the words together | Fazzoletto, with, besides, to, or similar ones, and in the latter, the words by pocket-handkerchief, means of, by agency of, by dint of, by, through, are frequently Guardar, to look. equivalents of with, and are translated by con; e. g. an-dá-re | Coda, tail. col fra-tél-lo, to go with the brother; si as-so-ciò con un mer-Occhio, eye (coda dell' occhio, cán-te, he entered into partnership with a merchant; ês-se-re, the lesser of external canthus stá-re con ú-no, to be with one, to belong to one, i. e. to one's or angle of the eye; guardar family, company, &c.; con chi stá-te voi? with whom are you? uno colla coda dell'occhio, to (2. e, in whose service are you? or with whom are you on a look at one from the corner visit? or with whom do you stay and take dinner? &c.); vên- of one's eyes, generally from go con voi, I come with you; com-bát-te-re col ne-mi-co, to fight contempt, also from suspiwith the enemy; con-giu-gne-re un sog-gêt-to col sú-o pre-di-cá-to, cion or envy, to look askance to join a subject to its predicate; con-cer-tá-re ú-na cô-sa con or cast a suspicious glance u-no, to concert a thing with one; pa-ra-go-núi rẹ ủ- na Cô-sa can at one, to look at one un' ál-tra, to compare one thing with another; con qué-ste má- with an evil eye, not to like ni, with these hands; con gran fa-tí-ea, with great pains; con one). frô-de ed in-gán-no, with traud and deceit; con un col-têl-lo, with a knife; con un scú-do_gua-da-gnár-ne tre, with one crown or dollar to gain three; la-vo-rá-re cól-la li-ma, col pen-nél-lo, col scar-pel-lo, to work with the file, with the pencil, with the chisel; fd-re u-na cô-sa con pia-cé-re, con do-to-re, con faciliti, con dit fico tà, con de stren-za, con buôn gán bọ, to de a thing dif-fi-col-tà, gár-bo, a with pleasure, with grief, with ease, with difficulty, with skill, with good grace. The adverb in-siê-me, together, very frequently has the preposition con after it, and exactly coincides with the English together with; e. g. in-siê-me cọn lui, together with him; insie-me con un' ál-tro, together with another; í-o in-siê-me con iní-o pá-dre, I together with my father.* It is obvious that it is not allowed to translate with by con| whenever this preposition does not represent any of the abovestated meanings; e. g. I am satisfied with him, só-no con-tên-to di lui; I am delighted or greatly pleased with you, mi ral-lé-gro | di voi. In these cases, to translate with by con would completely alter the sense. Só-no con-tên-to con lui, and mi ral-légro con lui (di qual-che cô-sa) would mean: I am satisfied along with him (i. e. as well as he), and I am delighted or greatly pleased along with you (i. e. as well as you I congratulate you on somethin). Con, with a noun following, frequently supplies the place of adverbial expressions; e. g. con pru-dên-za, with prudence; con ci-vil-tà, with politeness; con so-brie-tà, with sobriety; con su-pêr-bia, with haughtiness, &c., for pru-den-te-mén-te, prudently; ci-vil-mén-te, politely; so-bria-mén-te, soberly; super-ba-mén-te, haughtily, &c. Con, before an infinitive, which in this case occupies the place of a real noun, is quite an idiom, and will be best translated by the prepositions by, through, by the conjunctions while, when, as, and particularly and, or by the present participle of the English verb; e. g. coll' an-dá-re a spás-so non si può ur-ric-chí-re, by taking walks (i. e. by idling) one cannot get rich; é-gli si scusò con di-re......he excused himself by saying, saying, and said, while he said; é-gli fé-ce te-sta-mén-to con fár-mi e-ré-de di tútte il sú-o, he made his will, and constituted (or constituting) to me heir of all his property. EXERCISES.-ITALIAN-ENGLISH. Si nét-ta col faz-zo-lét-to. Guar-dár cól-la (con la) có-da dell' ôc-chio. Tem-pe-rár il ví-no eoll' á-cqua. Fa-vo-ri-te di ve-nír con me (or me-co). Pôr-ta té-co (con te) la lan-têrna. E'-gli lo pré-se sé-co (con se). Coll' an-dar del têm-po. * It is also allowable to separate in-siê-me from con, and to place it after the case governed by con; e. g con lui in-siê-me, together with him; me-co (i. e. con me) in-siê-me, together with me. The adverb in-sie-me-mén-te also means together with, but it is not so much in use as in-siê-me con. | Temperare, to mix, dilute. Andar, to go, going, pace, Tempo, time (coll' andar del Sembiante, visage, face, coun- Turbato, disturbed, alarmed, Mi disse, he told me. Studio, study, diligence, care prise, amazement. Bottone, button. sur Non s' accordano, do not match. Via di quà, away with, Poco, little (poco garbo, want of good grace, unskilfulness, Con sua buona grazia, with your Rispetto, respect, regard, defer COLLOQUIAL EXERCISES.--ITALIAN-ENGLISH. L'a-mi-co, m., the friend, | Am- ma - lá - to, distempered, la-mi-ca, f., the female diseased, out of health, friend. sick, ill. L' dl-bero, m., the tree. man. Ric-co, rich. An-có-ra, yet, still, also, even, again. Il vi-ci-no, m., la vi-cí-na, f. the neighbour. Il cu-gi-no, m., la cu-gi-na, f., the cousin. IZ gió-va-nê, the young man,| IV giar-đi-niề-re, m., the gar. * In the place of con mẹ, with me; con te, with thee; and con se, with himself, herself, itself, themselves, meco, teco, and seco, are frequently used; and in elegant style con as a mere expletive, con meco, con teco, con seco. The adjective már-cio, m., and már-cia, f., rotten, putrefied, vile, despicable, is sometimes nothing more than an augmentative, giving greater force to the word to which it is joined, and, in this case, Somewhat similar to the English arch, chief, principal, very, e. g. a már-cia fôr-za, with all one's might; erê-ti-co már-gio, arch-heretic; a tú-o már-cio di-spêt-to, in defiance of thee. ‡ Vi-vo, m., and ví-va, f, living, lively, brisk. |