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Examples

Let your dress be sober, clean, and modest; not to set off the beauty of your person, but to declare the sobriety of your mind; that your outward garb may resemble the inward plainness and simplicity of your heart.

In meat and drink, observe the rules of Christian temperance and sobriety; consider your body only as the servant and minister of your soul; and only so nourish it, as it may best perform an humble and obedient service.

Condescend to all the weaknesses and infirmities of your fellow-creatures; cover their frailties; love their excellences; enrage their virtues; relieve their wants; rejoice in their prosperity; compassionate their distress; receive their friendship; overlook their unkindness; forgive their malice; be a servant of servants; and condescend to do the lowest offices for the lowest of mankind.

Struck with the sight of so fine a tree, he hastened to his own, hoping to find as large a crop upon it; but, to his great surprise, he saw scarcely any thing, except branches, covered with moss, and a few yellow leaves.

In sleep's serene oblivion laid, I've safely passed the silent night; again I see the breaking shade, again behold the morning light.

New-born, I bless the waking hour; once more, with awe, rejoice to be; my conscious soul resumes her power, and soars, my guardian God, to thee.

That deeper shade shall break away; that deeper sleep shall leave mine eyes; thy light shall give eternal day; thy love, the rapture of the skies.

In the sight of our law the African slave trader is a pirate and a felon; and in the sight of heaven, an offender far beyond the ordinary depth of human guilt.

What hope of liberty is there remaining, if whatever is their pleasure, it is lawful for them to do; if what is lawful for them to do, they are able to do; if what they are able to do, they dare do; if what they dare do, they really execute; and if what they execute, is in no way offensive to you?

It is not the use of the innocent amusements of life which is dangerous, but the abuse of them; it is not when they are occasionally, but when they are constantly pursued; when the love of amusement degenerates into a passion; and when, from being an occasional indulgence, it becomes an habitual desire. The prevailing colour of the body of a tiger is a deep tawny, or orange yellow; the face, throat, and lower part of the belly are nearly white; and the whole is traversed by numerous long black stripes.

The horse, next to the Hottentot, is the favourite prey of the lion; and the elephant and camel are both highly relished; while the sheep, owing probably to its woolly fleece, is seldom molested.

The horse is quick-sighted; he can see things in the night which his rider cannot perceive; but when it is too dark for his sight, his sense of smelling is his guide.

from before whom the veil is removed; to whose eyes are revealed the glories of heaven?

Why, for so many a year, has the poet and the philosopher wandered amidst the fragments of Athens or of Rome; and paused, with strange and kindling feelings, amidst their broken columns, their mouidering temples, their deserted plains? It is because their day of glory is passed; it is because their name is obscured; their power is departed; their influence is lost! Where are they who taught these stones to grieve; where are the hands that hewed them; and the hearts that reared them? Hope ye by these to avert oblivion's doom; in grief ambitious, and in ashes vain ?

Can no support be offered; can no source of confidence be named ?

Is this the man that made the earth to tremble; that shook the kingdoms; that made the worid like a desert; that destroyed the cities?

Falsely luxurious, will not man awake; and, springing from the bed of sloth, enjoy the cool, the fragrant, and the silent hour, to meditation due, and sacred song?

But who shall speak before the king when he is troubled; and who shall boast of knowledge when he is distressed by doubi?

Who would in such a gloomy state remain longer than nature craves; when every muse and every blooming pleasure wait without, to bless the wildly devious morning walk?

What a glorious monument of human invention, that has thus triumphed over wind and wave; has brought the ends of the earth in communion; has established an interchange of blessings, pouring into the sterile regions of the north all the luxuries of the south; diffused the light of knowledge and the charities of cultivated life; and has thus bound together those scattered portions of the human race, between which nature seems to have thrown an insurmountable barrier!

Who that bears a human bosomn, hath not often felt, how dear are all those ties which bind our race in gentleness together; and how sweet their force, let fortune's wayward hand the while be kind or cruel?

THE COLON.

:

38. The Colon is composed of two periods placed one above the other.

39. Sometimes the passage ending with a colon is to be read with the voice suspended; but it should generally be read with the falling inflection of the voice.

total cessation of the voice, and three times longer than that 40. In reading, be careful to let the pause of the colon be a indicated by a comma.

Examples.

37. The semicolon is sometimes used as a note of interrogation, within: though folly may laugh, guilt will sting. The smile of gaiety is often assumed while the heart aches

and sometimes as an exclamation.

Examples.

Hast thou not set at defiance my authority; violated the public peace, and passed thy life in injuring the persons and properties of thy fellow-subjects?

Oh, it was impious; it was unmanly; it was poor and pitiful!

Have not you too gone about the earth like an evil genius; blasting the fair fruits of peace and industry; plundering, ravaging, killing without law, without justice, merely to gratify an insatiable lust for dominion?

Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible to feeling as to sight? Or art thou but a dagger of the mind; a false creation, proceed ing from the heat-cppressed brain?

By such apologies shall man insult his Creator; and shall he hope to flatter the ear of Omnipotence? Think you that such excuses will gain new importance in their ascent to the Majesty on high; and will you trust the interests of eternity in the hands of these superficial advocates?

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And shall not the Christian blush to repine; the Christian,

There is no mortal truly wise and restless at the same time : wisdom is the repose of the mind.

Nature felt her inability to extricate herself from the consequences of guilt: the gospel reveals the plan of Divine interposition and aid.

Nature confessed some atonement to be necessary: the gospel discovers that the atonement is made.

Law and order are forgotten: violence and rapine are abroad: the golden cords of society are loosed.

The temples are profaned: the soldiers curse resounds in the house of God: the marble pavement is trampled by iron hoofs: horses neigh beside the altar.

Blue wreaths of smoke ascend through the trees, and betray the half-hidden cottage: the eye contemplates well-thatched ricks, and barns bursting with plenty: the peasant laughs at the approach of winter.

The necessaries of life are few, and industry secures them to every man: it is the elegancies of life that empty the purse: the superfluities of fashion, the gratification of pride, and the indulgence of luxury, make a man poor.

My dear children, I give you these trees: you see that they

are in good condition. They will thrive as much by your care as they will decline by your negligence: their fruits will reward you in proportion to your labour.

A bee among the flowers in spring is one of the most cheerful objects that can be looked upon. Its life appears to be all enjoyment: so busy and so pleased: yet it is only a specimen of insect life, with which, by reason of the animal being halfdomesticated, we happen to be better acquainted.

'Tis a picture in memory distinctly defined, with the strong and unperishing colours of mind: a part of my being beyond my control, beheld on that cloud, and transcribed on iny soul. Yet such is the destiny of all on earth: so flourishes and fades majestic man.

Let those deplore their doom whose hopes still grovel in this dark sojourn: but lofty souls, who look beyond the tomb, can smile at fate, and wonder why they mourn.

If for my faded brow thy hand prepare some future wreath, let me the gift resign: transfer the rosy garland: let it bloom around the temples of that friend beloved, on whose maternal bosom, even now, I lay my aching head.

Do not flatter yourselves with the hope of perfect happiness: there is no such thing in the world.

But when old age has on your temples shed her silver frost, there's no returning sun: swift flies our summer, swift our autumn's fled, when youth, and spring, and golden joys, are gone.

A divine legislator, uttering his voice from heaven; an almighty governor, stretching forth his arm to punish or reward: informing us of perpetual rest prepared hereafter for the righteous, and of indignation and wrath awaiting the wicked: these are the considerations which overawe the world, which support integrity, and check guilt.

It is not only in the sacred fane that homage should be paid to the Most High: there is a temple, one not made with hands, the vaulted firmament: far in the woods, almost beyond the sound of city-chime, at intervals heard through the breezeless

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determined to retire, and pass the remainder of their days in the country.

Notwithstanding all this care of Cicero, history informs us, that Marcus proved a mere blockhead; and that nature (who, it seems, was even with the son for her prodigality to the father) rendered him incapable of improving, by all the rules of eloquence, the precepts of philosophy, his own endeavours, and the most refined conversation in Athens.

Natural historians observe (for whilst I am in the country I must fetch my allusions from thence) that only the male birds have voices; that their songs begin a little before breedingtime, and end a little after.

Dr. Clark has observed, that Homer is more perspicuous than any other author; but if he is so (which yet may be questioned), the perspicuity arises from his subject, and not from the language itself in which he writes.

The many letters which come to me from persons of the best sense of both sexes (for I may pronounce their characters from their way of writing) do not a little encourage me in the prosecution of this my undertaking.

It is this sense which furnishes the imagination with its ideas; so that by the pleasures of the imagination, or fancy (terms which I shall use promiscuously), 1 here mean such as arise from visible objects.

The stomach (crammed from every dish, a tomb of boiled and roast, and flesh and fish, where bile, and wind, and phlegm, and acid, jar, and all the man is one intestine war) remembersoft the school-boy's simple fare, the temperate sleeps, and spirits light as air.

William Penn was distinguished from his companions by wearing a blue sash of silk network (which, it seems, is still preserved by Mr. Kett, of Seething-hall, near Norwich), and by having in his hand a roll of parchment, on which was engrossed the confirmation of the treaty of purchase and amity.

Again, would your worship a moment suppose (it is a case that has happened, and may be again), that the visage or countenance had not a nose, pray who would, or who could, wear spectacles then?

Upon this the dial-plate (if we may credit the fable) changed countenance with alarm.

father's dominions must have appeared (as indeed it turned out To speak of nothing else, the arrival of the English in her to be) a most portentous phenomenon.

Surely, in this age of invention, something may be struck. out to obviate the necessity (if such necessity exists) of so tasking the human intellect.

I compassionate the unfortunates now (at this very moment, perhaps) screwed up perpendicularly in the seat of torture, having in the right hand a fresh-nibbed patent pen, dipped ever and anon into the ink-bottle, as if to hook up ideas, and under the outspread palm of the left hand a fair sheet of best Bath Post (ready to receive thoughts yet unhatched), on which their eyes are rivetted with a stare of disconsolate perplexity, infinitely touching to a feeling mind.

of having only to grind an answer to one of one's dear five O the unspeakable relief (could such a machine be invented)

hundred friends!

Have I not groaned under similar horrors, from the hour when I was first shut up (under lock and key, I believe) to indite a dutiful epistle to an honoured aunt?

To such unhappy persons, then, I would fain offer a few hints (the fruit of long experience) which may prove serviceable in the hour of emergency.

relics, you may see Tassoni's bucket), stop at a palace near the If ever you should come to Modena (where, among other Reggio gate, dwelt in of old by one of the Donati.

the fire with Dr. Slop; and, Corporal Trim (a brave and honest My father and my uncle Toby (clever soul) were sitting by fellow) was reading a sermon to them.-As the sermon contains many parentheses, and affords an opportunity also of showing you a sentence in brackets (you will observe that all the previous parentheses in this lesson are enclosed in crotchets), I shall insert some parts of it in the following numbers.

To have the fear of God before our eyes, and in our mutual dealings with each other, to govern our actions by the eternal measures of right and wrong: the first of these will comprehend the duties of religion; the second those of morality, which are so inseparably connected together, that you cannot

divide these two tables, even in imagination (though the at- machen,
tempt is often made in practice), without breaking and mutu-
ally destroying them both. [Here my father observed that nennen,
Dr. Slop was fast asleep]. I said the attempt is often made;
and so it is; there being nothing more common than to see a | reiten,
man who has no sense at all of religion, and, indeed, has so
much honesty as to pretend to none, who would take it as the thun,
bitterest affront, should you but hint at a suspicion of his
moral character, or imagine he was not conscientiously just
and scrupulous to the uttermost mite.

I know the banker I deal with, or the physician I usually call in [There is no need, cried Dr. Slop (waking) to call in any physician in this case], to be neither of them men of much religion.

Experienced schoolmasters may quickly make a grammar of boys' natures, and reduce them all (saving some few exceptions) to certain general rules.

Ingenious boys, who are idle, think, with the hare in the fable, that, running with snails (so they count the rest of their school-fellows), they shall come soon enough to the post; though sleeping a good while before their starting.

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to bid :

to learn:
to hear:

Heißen,

Helfen,

to help:

Lehren,

to teach:

Ternen,

Hören, sehen, fühlen, finden,

to see:
to feel:

to find:

as, ich hieß ihn gehen, I bad him go.

as, er hilft mir schreiben, he helps me to write.
as, er lehrt das Kind lesen, he teaches the

child to read.
as, wir lernen tanzen, we learn to dance.
as, ich höre sie singen, I hear them sing.
as, ich sehe ihn kommer, I see him come.
as, ich fühle den Puls schlagen, I feel his pulse

beat.

as, ich fand das Buch auf dem Tische liegen, I found the book lying on the table. The verbs lehren and lernen form exceptions to the observation in the text: admitting, as they do sometimes, the particle zu between them and an Infinitive succeeding. The student will note, also, that the Infinitive after all these verbs, is, in English, often best rendered by a participle: as, er fühlte sein Blut gähren, he felt his blood boiling.

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to make:

to name:

to ride:

to do:

as, er machte mich lachen, he made me laugh. as, ich kann ihn nennen, I can name him. as, ich reite spazieren, I ride out for exercise. as, er thut nichts als schelten, he does nothing but scold,

Machen, however, cannot, as in English, be used to signify to make him go out, the Germans say, laß (not mache) ihn hinausgehen. make or cause by force: thus, to translate the English phrase, The Infinitive without zu comes after thun, only when nichts als precedes, in the example above.

(2) The Infinitive with zu is employed:

either by the preposition to with the Infinitive, or by of with a participle: as, ich war froh ihn zu sehen, I was glad to see him; Sie haben Luft zu spielen, you have a desire to play; ich bin müte es zu hören, I am tired of hearing it :

a. After nouns and adjectives which, in English, are followed

(b) After verbs, to express the end or object of their action: as, ich komme mit Ihnen zu sprechen, I come to (i. e. in order to) speak with you: in which case, also, the particle um often comes before zu, to render the expression more forcible: as, liebet tie Tugend, um glücklich zu sein, love virtue, in order (um) to be happy. c. After the verbs following and others of like import :

Anfangen, to begin.
Aufhören, to cease.
Befehlen, to command.
Bitten, to beg.
Erwarten, to expect.
Hoffen, to hope.
Fürchten, to fear.
Drohen, to threaten.
Sich freuen, to rejoice.

Sich schämen, to be ashamed.
Sich rühmen, to boast.
Bereuen, to regret.
Pflegen, to be wont.
Fortfahren, to proceed.
Unterlassen, to neglect.
Haben, to have.
Sein, to be.
Helfen, to help.

Vermeiden, to avoid.

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Erkennen and bekennen are construed mainly with the preterit of the Infinitive: as, er erkennt, sich geirrt zu haben, he acknowledges that he has been in error.

d. After the prepositions ohne (without) and statt or anstatt (instead of), as, ohne ein Wort zu sagen, without saying a word; anstatt zu schreiben, instead of writing.

(3) The Infinitive in German, as intimated before, often performs the office of a verbal substantive. It is then commonly preceded by the neuter of the article, and has all the various cases: as, das Lügen schadet dem Lügner am meisten, lying injures the liar most; ich bin des Gehens müde, I am weary of walking; zum Reisen bist du nicht geschickt, you are not fit for journeying.

(4) The Infinitive active, in German, after certain verbs, as, sein, lassen, verbieten, befehlen, &c., is not unfrequently employed passively: thus, laß ihn rufen, which (literally) means, let him call, may, also, signify, let him be called; es ist keine Zeit zu verlie

d. After the auxiliaries of mood, mögen, können, lassen, dürfen, | ren, there is no time to lose, or to be lost. follen, wollen and müssen, and after werden, when employed as an auxiliary in forming the future tense.

e. After the verbs following, in certain phrases, Bleiben, to remain : as, er bleibt fißen, he continues sitting. to go in a carriage: as, ich fahre spazieren, I ride out for an airing. as, er geht betteln, he goes begging. as, er hat gut reden, he has easy talking, i. e. it is easy for him to talk.

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(5) The Germans often employ the Indicative or Subjunctive, preceded by daß, where, in English, the Infinitive, preceded by to, is used: as, ich weiß, daß er der Mann ist, I know him to be (literally, I know that he is) the man.

(6) The Infinitive, in English, preceded by the words how, where, what, when, and the like, after such verbs as, tell, know, say, and teach, cannot be rendered literally into German: the Germans, in such cases, always using the Indicative or Subjunctive of such verbs as sollen, müssen, können: as, ich weiß, wie ich es thun muß, I know how to do it, or (literally) I know how I must do it; lehren Sie mich, was ich sagen soll, teach me what to say. For the use of the Infinitive of mögen, wollen, sollen, &c., in place of the past Participle, See § 74. 3.

$ 147, THE PARTICIPLES.

(1) The Participles, in German, are varied by cases, following the same rules of inflection as the adjectives. Having the nature of adjectives, the Present in a few, and the Preterit in many instances, readily admit the degrees of comparison.

(2) The use of the Participle, as such, however, in German, is far more restricted than in English. For, in English, it is commonly used to form a distinct clause of a sentence; and is thus made to indicate the time, cause, or means of effecting that which is expressed in the main clause: thus, we say Walking (that is, by or when walking) uprightly, we walk surely. This mode of expression can rarely, if ever, be adopted in German; into which language, if we desire to translate the above sentence, we must say: wenn wir aufrichtig wandeln, so wandelu wir sicher, that is, when we walk uprightly, we walk surely.

the compound tenses, but may, also, be construed with nouns,
after the manner of Adjectives: as,

Ich habe heute das Buch gelesen, I have read the book to-day.
Ein geliebtes Kind, a beloved child.

Der Mann ist gelehrt, the man is learned.

OBSERVATIONS.

(1) This Participle, in its character as an Adjective, is far more frequently employed in German than in English. Indeed, many Preterites in German, having lost all character as Participles, are now used exclusively as Adjectives.

used in an adverbial manner: thus, tas Buch ist verloren gegangen, (2) The Preterit, like the Present Participle, is sometimes the book is lost (literally, gone, lost).

(3) This is especially the case with certain Participles employed with the verb fommen; as, er kömmt gefahren, he comes (3) So, too, we say in English: Having given him the money, driven, i, e. driving in a carriage; er fömmt geritten, he comes he went away; but since there is nothing in German to cor-ridden, i. e. riding on horseback; er fömmt geflogen, he comes respond to this English compound Participle, it would be a flying; erkömmt gelaufen, he comes running, &c. gross error to attempt to render the sentence literally Resort must be had, as in the other case, to a different structure: thus, als er ihm das Geld gegeben hatte, ging er weg, that is, after or when he had given him the money, he went away. In this way must all similar cases be managed: we must employ a verb in each clause, and connect the two together by means of suitable conjunctions; such as, weil, wenn, als, va and intem.

$ 148. RUle.

The Present Participle, like an attributive adjective, agrees with its noun in gender, number, and case; and may, also, govern the same case as the verb whence it is derived: as, Der lachende Frühling, the smiling spring. Kühlendes Getränke, cooling drink.

to express the condition or state of the subject: as, jezt sterb' ich
(4) Kindred to this, is its use, when connected with a verb,
beruhigt, now I die content; in seine Tugend gehüllt, troßt er der Ver-
Icumbung, wrapped in his virtue, he defies calumny.
accusative, is in some phrases employed absolutely: as, die
(5) The Preterit Participle, usually in connection with the
Augen gen Himmel gerichtet, his eyes being directed towards heaven;
den Gewinn abgerechnet the profit being deducted; diesen Fall aus-
genommen, this case being excepted.

(6) This Participle is sometimes elliptically used for the Imperative. (See § 145. 3.)

$ 150. RULE.

Die alles belebende Sonne, the all animating sun, i. e. the sun presented as a thing that must or ought to take place: as,

that animates all.

OBSERVATIONS

(1) This Participle is seldom, if ever, otherwise employed with a noun than in an attributive sense. Its predicative use is found almost altogether in those words that have so far lost character as Participles as to be commonly recognised only as adjectives: as,

Reizend, charming.
Kränkend, mortifying.
Einnehmend, captivating.
Dringend, pressing.

Drückend, oppressive.
Fließend, flowing.
Hinreißend, overpowering.

Such a combination, therefore, as, I am reading, we are walking, and the like, which is so common in English, is wholly inadmissible in German; save in the instance of those Participles that have lost, as just said, their true participial character: as, die Noth ist dringend, the necessity is pressing.

(2) The Present Participle, in connection with the article, is often used substantively, the noun being understood; as der Lesende, the reader, (literally) the (one) reading; die Sterbende, the dying (female).

(3) This Participle, however, cannot in German, as in English, be, by means of an article, turned into an abstract verbal noun. But in order properly to render such phrases as, the reading, the writing, into German, we must use the present of the Infinitive: thus, das Lesen, das Schreiben.

(4) The Present Participle, as stated in the RULE, may govern the case of its own verb; but it must be noted that the word so governed always precedes the Participle: das uns verfolgende Geschick, the us pursuing fate, i. e. the fate that pursues us. In some instances, the words actually united, forming compounds: as, ehrliebend, honour-loving, that is, ambitious; gefeßgebend, law-S giving, &c.

(5) The Present Participle is sometimes used with the power of an Adverb; that is, to express some circumstance of manner or condition: thus, weinend sprach er zu mir, weeping (i. e. weepingly) he spoke to me; er fegte sich schweigend nieder, keeping silent (i. e. silently) he sat down.

§ 149. RULE.

The Future Participle is used, when the subject is to be re-
Eine zu lobende That, a deed to be (i. e. that ought to be) praised.

OBSERVATIONS.

(1) What is called the Future Participle in German, is pro-
can be formed from transitive verbs only, and is always to be
duced by placing zu before the present participle as above. It
taken in a passive sense. It is chiefly to be found in the case
of compound verbs: thus, hochzuehrender Herr, the-highly-to-be
honoured, i. e. the honourable, Sir. See Section XLII.
§ 151. THE ADVERBS.
RULE.

verbs: as,
Adverbs qualify verbs, participles, adjectives and other ad-

Er hat den Gegenstand vortrefflich behandelt, he has treated the sub-
Er schreibt felten, he writes seldom.
ject admirably.

Dieses Buch ist sehr gut, this book is very good.
Er arbeitet nicht gern, he works unwillingly.

OBSERVATIONS.

Almost all adjectives in the absolute form are, in German, employed as Adverbs. See § 102. 3. For remarks on the position of Adverbs in sentences, see the section on the arrangement of words, $158.

$ 152. THE PREPOSITIONS.

RULE.

The Prepositions aastatt, außerhalb, diesseits, &c. (See the List 109.) are construed with the genitive.

OBSERVATIONS.

(1) When the same Preposition governs several nouns in the same construction, it is put before the first only; as, ich bin von meiner Heimath, meinem Vaterlande und meinen Freunden getrennt, from my home, my country, and my friends, am I separated.

(2) For the right use and position of some of the Prepositions, much attention is required. See the Observations on

The Preterit Participle is not only used in the formation of those construed with the genitive: $ 110.

The Prepositions aus, strued with the dative.

§ 153. RULE.

f. So, after such conjunctions as, weil, als, da, wenn, nachdem, obgleich obschon, obwohl, wenngleich and wiewohl, introduces the subaußer, bei, &c. (See List § 111.) are consequent clause. This is chiefly the case, when the antecedent (See Obs. § 112.)

§ 154. RULE.

The Prepositions durch, für, gegen, &c. (See List § 113.) are construed with the accusative. (See Obs. § 114.)

clause is long, or consists of several members: Ex. Weil dich Gott dies Alles gewahr werden ließ, so ist Niemand so weise als du, since God hath given thee to know all this, so (therefore) is no one so wise as thou. So commonly, however, denotes comparison: as, der Knabe ist so gut, als das Mächen, the boy is so (as) good as the girl. So in the phrases, sowohl als auch, or sowohl als, so (as) well as: sobald als, so (as) soon as, &c. With auch (so—auch) following, it signifies however: as, so groß die Schrecken des Kricges auch, The Prepositions an, auf, hinter, &c. (See List § 115.) govern, however great the terrors of war, &c.; so reich er auch ist, zc. the dative or accusative: the accusative, when motion or ten- however rich he is, &c. dency towards is signified, but in the other situations the dative. (See Obs. § 116.)

§ 155. RULE.

§ 156. THE CONJUNCTIONS.

RULE.

Conjunctions connects words and sentences in construction, and show their mutual relation and dependence; as,

Johann und Wilhelm gehen zur Schule, John and William are
going to school.

Ich sah es; daher weiß ich es, I saw it; therefore I know it.
Er ist älter als ich, he is older than I.

OBSERVATIONS.

(1) Under the general name of Conjunctions in this Rule, must be included all words performing the office of Conjunctions, whether properly such or not. Of these connective words three classes are to be distinguished: 1. those that do not affect the order of the words of a sentence in which they occur (§ 160. 8.); 2. those that always remove the copula to the end of the sentence (§ 160. 7.); 3. and finally, those that do or do not remove the copula to the end, according as they stand before or after the subject ($ 160. 8.).

g. The following are the more common correlatives · as,

or.

nor.

Entweder,

Weder,

either,
neither,

oter,

noch,

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(1) Interjections stand generally before the nominative or the vocative; as, O! theuerster Vater! But sometimes the genitive, and sometimes the dative, is preceded by an Interjection: as,

(2) The true force and use of the Conjunctions is best learned from examples; of which see a large collection in Section C., der Freude! O the joy! Weh mir! Woe to me! We subjoin, however, a few remarks in explanation of the following:

a. Aber, allein, sondern. Aber is less adversative than either of the others. It is often merely continuative. Allein always introduces what is contrary to what might be inferred from what precedes: as, er ist sehr fleißig, allein er lernt sehr wenig, he is very industrious, but he learns very little. Sondern serves to introduce what is contradictory. It is used only when a negative precedes; nicht edel, sondern kleinmüthig, not noble, but pusillanimous; es ist weder schwarz, noch braun, sondern grün, it is neither black nor brown, but green.

b. Daß, also auf daß, introduces a clause expressing the end, object or result; as, ich weiß, daß er tomint, I know that he is coming. This form of expression is more common in German than in English. When daß is left out, the copula comes immediately after the subject.

FRENCH READINGS.—No. V.

MLLE DE LAJOLAIS.
SECTION II.

A ces cris, à cette action imprévue, l'Empereur s'arrête en fronçant les sourcils.1

-Encore! . . . . s'écrie-t-il d'un ton d'impatience, j'avais pourtant dit que je ne voulais plus de ces scènes-là ! 2 Et croisant ses bras sur sa poitrine, il voulut passer outre.a

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-Sire! cria la jeune fille, à laquelle la position de son c. Doch introduces something unexpected or not properly pro-pere donnait une énergie au-dessus de son âge, je vous en ceeding from the antecedent: as, er ist sehr reich, und hat doch wenig conjure, écoutez-moi! 3 au nom de votre mère, sire, gearbeitet, he is very rich, yet has he worked little. It is some- écoutez-moi! au nom de votre père, accordez-moi la grâce times elliptically employed to indicate certainty, entreaty, and du mien! . . . . C'est mon père, sire; il aura ... été entraîné, the like: as, fagen Sie mir doch, tell me, pray. séduit; pardonnez-lui!.... Oh! sire, vous tenez la vie de d. Je, like the definite article in English, is put before com- mon père, la mienne dans vous mains. . . Ayez pitié paratives to denote proportion. It, then, has testo for its cor- d'une malheureuse enfant qui vous demande la vie de son relative: thus, je fleißiger er ist, desto gelehrter wird er, the more dili-père. . . . . Sire! sire! grâce. . . . pitié. . . . pardon. gent he is, the more learned he becomes. Desto sometimes -Laissez-moi, Mademoiselle, dit l'Empereur, la repouscomes before je: as, ein Kunstwerk ist desto schöner, je vollkommener essant assez rudement. ist, a work of art is the more beautiful, the more perfect it is. Sometimes je is employed before both comparatives: thus, je mihr, je besser, the more, the better. Sometimes befto stands before a comparative without je answering to it: as, ich erwartete nicht meinen Freund zu finden, desto größer aber war meine Freute, als ich ihn fah, I did not expect to find my friend, but the greater was my joy when I saw him.

e. Obgleich, obschen, obwohl, indicate concession. The parts are often separated, especially by monosyllables: such as, ich, bu, cr, es, wer, ihr, sie. Often two or three such little words come between: as, ob er gleich alt ist, c., although he is old, &c.; ob ich mich gleich freue, u., although I rejoice, &c

tence trop chère), Mlle de Lajolais, se traînant sur les
Mais, sans se laisser intimider, (il y allait d'une exis-
dallese de marbre de la galerie, criait avec angoisse:
Oh! jetez au moins un regard sur moi, sire!
-Oh! pitié, pitié, sire!.... grâce!. pour mon père!

f

Il y avait quelque chose de si déchirants dans cette voix d'enfant demandant la vie de son père, que l'Empereur s'arrêta malgré lui, et regarda celle qui l'implorait avec tant d'instance.7

Mlle de Lajolais était fort bien, mais, dans ce moment, sa beauté tenait de l'ange. Blanche comme un cygne, la

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