90. Adverbial prepositional phrases [§ 84] are constantly used to restrict or define adjectives. These phrases are generally, but by no means always, the conventional rendering of some O.E. case, as may be seen in most of the following examples :

Devoid of raiment. O.E. hrægles (gen.) þearfa.

'It is thenceforth good for nothing.'—A.V.

91. Adverbial Infinitives [§ 85] are often used to restrict or define an adjective of quality. So far as the expression of a thought is concerned, it is a matter of indifference whether we assume this adverbial infinitive to be discharging a dative or iocative function; thus in the expression 'Mighty to save,' we may take the infinitive as discharging a dative function, and make mighty to save' mighty for the burpose of saving; or we may take it as discharging a locative function, and make 'mighty to save' mighty in the sphere of saving. Hence it is not surprising that different languages have gravitated towards one or other of these uses.

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Thus, when we notice that the Latin supine in ‘. -u' is in reality a locative case of the oldest known form of the Aryan infinitive,1 we see that the Romans were disposed to restrict

1 The supine in '-um' corresponds in form with the Sanskrit infinitive. Hence it represents the accusative case of the same ancient Aryan verbal

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their adjectives by a locative infinitive, as in 'difficilis factu' difficult to do difficult in the sphere of performance ;-' turpe shameful in the sphere of discourse.

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dictu' shameful to say

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An occasional tendency to attach a locative force to this adverbial infinitive in our own language is apparent in the addition of the preposition 'at' [contracted into 'a'] before the infinitives 'do' and 'steal' in

'He agreed without more a-do.'

'Ware we never wont a stele.'-Morris, p. 218.

But, though this is observable in English between 1250 and 1485, yet the presence of the preposition 'to' in modern English and the constant addition of the dative inflection in O.E., show that the genius of the English language inclines to attach a dative force to this adverbial infinitive. Thus Wholesome for eating.

Wholesome to eat
Beautiful to look upon

Fit to go

Beautiful for looking upon.

= Fit for going.

= Good for drinking.

Sufficient to last

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Sufficient for lasting.

Good to drink

The O.E. dative termination is seen in the following sen

tences:

'-þæs gescý neom ic wyrde tó berenne'

I am not worthy to bear.

'Hwæðer is éðre tó secgenne...... Árís

to say...Arise-.

'Ic eom gearn to farenne mid þé'

thee.

= -Whose shoes

= Whether is easier

= I am ready to go with

'Hit is sceamu tó tellanne, ac hit ne þúhte him nán sceamu tó dónne' 'It is shameful to tell, but it appeared to him no shame to do.'-A. S. Chronicle.

noun of which the supine in '-u' is the locative, and of which Sanskrit has even preserved some traces of a dative. See Monier Williams's Sanskrit Gr. § 867.

Obs.-The Notional pronoun 'It' often refers to the adverbial infinitive attached to an adjective. Hence we may have the curious phenomenon of an infinitive simultaneously discharging a nominative and an adverbial function, e.g. It is better for thee to go into life with one eye, than, &c.'

To go into life with one eye is better for thee, than, &c. = O.E. Betere þé is mid ánum eáge on lífe tó gánne [dat. infin.].

The student should however treat such an infinitive as a nominative in his analysis, inasmuch as it is either the subject of the sentence or the apposite of the subject 'It.'

92. Adverbials are restricted, defined, or modified, by other adverbials of various kinds. Thus in

Very greatly admired,
Much more worthy,

Certainly not,

we have the adverbs 'greatly,' 'more,' and 'not,' modified by the other adverbs 'very,' 'much,' and 'certainly.'

Again in

Greatly above the mark,

Much before the time,

Far beyond the rest,

we have adverbial prepositional phrases modified by the adverbs 'greatly,' 'much,' and 'far.'

we have an adverb of degree, 'too,' restricted by adverbial prepositional phrases.

Again in

Too honest to lie,

Too good to be left,

we have an adverb of degree, 'too,' restricted in its range by adverbial infinitives.

And lastly we have the demonstrative adverbs regularly defined by adverbial Clauses as is to be seen in § 109.

Obs. 1.-Adverbial Infinitives are modified by adverbials, not by reason of their adverbial functions, but by reason of their verbal character. Obs. 2.-The adverbial cases, or adverbial case-stems, of non-verbal nouns are restricted or defined as nouns, and not as adverbials.

93. Co-ordination in the Simple Sentence. With the exception of the main finite verb, any word, phrase, or clause, belonging to the simple sentence, may have one or more co-ordinate terms, whose co-ordinate relations are usually indicated by co-ordinaté conjunctions (§ 119). As

The great and glorious city is destroyed.
We bought a fast and steady boat.

He was seen in a deep and dangerous bog.
She floated gracefully and easily on the waves.

The monsters lay in the water and on the land. 'The fault will then not be mine, but Fate's.'-Kingsley. 'Whether he were more wise or stout, &c.'-Hudibras. 'His tawny beard was th' equal grace, both of his wisdom and his face.'-Hudibras.

94. Having now completed our survey of the Simple sentence, we proceed to enlarge our system of Analytic Marks so as to include the elements which have been added to those contained in the Primary sentence.

a. Subordinating apposites, attributes, and adverbial-attributes.

B. Co-ordinating apposites, attributes, and adverbial attributes.