functions they discharge in a sentence. They may be tabulated as follows:

The last of these has been already considered under the Primary Sentence, and in § 22 is seen to be originally identical with the co-ordinating apposite.

71. Epithetic Apposites are apposites which directly restrict or define the noun or pronoun to which they belong. The restrictive use prevails after general terms [§ 103]; and the defining use after abstract terms [§ 103] formed from verbs, and after pronouns, especially the Notional pronoun 'It.'

The restrictive use is seen in such a sentence as 'Jack, the sailor, went before us.' For while the word 'Jack' calls our attention to a considerable number of persons, the addition of 'the sailor' as an apposite, serves to narrow the number to possibly a single member of our acquaintance. The same is seen in such sentences as 'William, the conqueror, landed at Pevensey;' 'She fell in love with Bob, the policeman.'

The defining power of the apposite is seen in such complex and simple sentences as

I have a hope that all is well.

There is a report that the French have landed.
The question was asked whether all were here.

The petition to serve was rejected.

It is pleasant to sing.

It is nice being admired.

It is wise to be good.

It is pleasant to be praised by all.

It is sad to be in a rage.

They welcomed him, the long lost heir.

'Which, my covenant, they brake.' A.V.

Obs.-The most curious sort of epithetic apposite arises out of what grammarians describe as 'the redundant object.' This is a construction in which the subject of a dependent noun-clause is anticipated by a needless noun or pronoun, standing as the cognate or direct object of the verb.

Thus in

'I see your father's countenance that it is not toward me.'- Gen. xxxi. 5.

'I know thee who thou art.'-Luke iv. 34.

'Conceal me what I am.'-Shak.

'Didst thou not mark the king, what words he spake?'-Shak. 'Consider the lilies of the field how they grow.'-Matt. vi. 28.

'Your father's countenance,' 'thee,' 'me,' 'the king,' 'the lilies of the field,' are as objects redundant, for the sense is the same if we say—

'I see that your father's countenance is not toward me.'

'I know who thou art.'

'Conceal what I am.'

'Didst thou not mark what words the king spake?' 'Consider how the lilies of the field grow.'

In analysing it is best to take such noun-clauses as epithetic apposites, serving to define the so-called redundant object.

72. Subordinating Apposites are apposites which limit some verb or verbal connected with the noun or pronoun with which they are in apposition. They are in fact the germs of subordinate [i.e. adverbial] clauses. Thus

=

"Socrates lived a philosopher and died a hero" (Morell) Socrates lived as a philosopher lives, and died as a hero dies. Yes, he looked a king = Yes, he looked, as a king looks.

She pardoned him, the traitor! = She pardoned him, though he was a traitor.

73. Co-ordinating Apposites are apposites which limit nothing, but which amount to an independent predication with regard to the noun or pronoun to which they stand in apposition. They are in fact the germs of co-ordinate clauses. Thus They gave it to my mother, sole guardian of my youth They gave it to my mother, and my mother was the sole guardian of my youth.

G

He worshipped God, the Creator of the Universe = He worshipped God, and God is the Creator of the Universe.

Socrates, an eminently renowned philosopher, died by poison' = Socrates, died by poison, and he was an eminently renowned philosopher.

'And I, the last [ = and I am the last], go forth companionless.'-Tennyson.

Obs. A co-ordinating apposite may on rare occasions stand in apposition to an entire sentence. In what case O.E. might have placed such an apposite it is impossible to say; but in Greek it was put in the accusative as we see in

ῥίψει ἀπὸ πύργου, λυγρὸν ὄλεθρον = You will be fung from a tower, a terrible death.

74. Attributes are adjectivals added to some noun or pronoun, and which are, or are taken to be, in agreement with the said noun or pronoun. Attributes are of various kinds according to the functions they discharge in a sentence. They may be tabulated as follows:

The last of these has been already considered in the Primary Sentence, and in § 22 is seen to have originally been a coordinating attribute.

75. Epithetic Attributes are attributes which limit or define the substantival to which they belong. Those which limit are those adjectivals classifying persons and things according to their quality and quantity. Those which define are those demonstrative adjectives which, as it were, do no more than point out special persons or things. The adjectivals,

Socrates, philosophus in primis nobilis, veneno interiit.-Pub. S. Gr. P. 354.

by which epithetic attributes may be expressed, are various.

Thus in

Good men.

Beautiful playing.
The better boy.

The best scholar.

we have Adjectives.

The1 man.

This house.
These trees.

A running stream.
Whipped cream.
A swollen river.

One horse.

The other [second] book.

The second dish.

An2 apple.
Many people.

Tom's coat.

The lion's paw.
A day's work.
A pound's weight.

The paw of the lion.
The weight of a pound.
A cup of gold.

Man [= male] servant.
He[= male] goat.

She [female] wolf.

Obs. The comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives generally express both quantity and quality, inasmuch as when rightly used the comparative certainly implies the existence of at least two persons or things and the superlative of at least three.

1 The' is a weak form of 'That.' If the student does not choose to let it coalesce with the noun he must treat it as an epithetic attribute.

2 'A' or 'An' is a weak form of One.' If the student does not choose to let it coalesce with the noun, he must treat it as an epithetic attribute.

3 Such Genitive Compounds as 'a sheep shearing,' &c. &c., must be taken as Compound Nouns. See § 12.

a grape gathering,’

76. Subordinating Attributes are attributes which restrict the range of some verb or verbal connected with the noun or pronoun to which they are attributed. Such subordinating attributes form the germs of adverbial clauses, and may always be expanded into such. Thus

He shot it flying [= when it was flying].

The hero, overcome by misfortune [= because he was overcome by misfortune] wept.

Persecuted [though we are persecuted], yet we are not

forsaken.

Being guilty [= because he was guilty], he was transported. We saw the ship sinking [= when it was sinking].

'Sounds, inharmonious in themselves and harsh [= though they be inharmonious and harsh in themselves], yet, heard in scenes [= when they are heard in scenes] where peace for ever reigns, and only there, please highly for their sake.'-Cowper.

'And the Queen herself, grateful [= inasmuch as she was grateful] to Prince Geraint for service done, loved her.' -Tennyson.

'Nor did she lift an eye nor speak a word, rapt [= inasmuch as she was rapt] in the fear and in the wonder of it.'Tennyson.

'Laborious pedants, themselves destitute [= though they themselves were destitute] of taste, sense, and spirit, could still read, &c.'-Macaulay.

'Then, howsoever patient [= though he was patient by howsoever much], Yniol's heart danced in his bosom.'-Tennyson.

Obs. 1.—Although the subordinating attributes and apposites can usually be turned into the complements of adverbial clauses, the student must not imagine that they are the complements of elliptical clauses, even when they are preceded by a subordinate conjunction [see § 115, B 2]. They are true attributes and apposites, for in languages possessed of inflections we find them in agreement with their noun or pronoun, whatever the case of their noun or pronoun may be: whereas if they were the complements of elliptical clauses they would invariably be in the nominative case. This