Anabathra, steps to any elevated situation, as the anabathra of theatres, pulpits, &c.

Anabathrum, a pulpit, desk, or high seat Anacampteria, the lodgings of per

sons who fled for sanctuary to privileged religious houses Anacamptics, the doctrine of reflected light

Anachorita, the cell of a hermit

Anaclastics, the doctrine of refracted light

Anaglyph, an engraved, embossed, or

chased ornament

Anaglypha, chased or embossed vessels made of bronze or the precious metals, which derived their name from the work on them being in relief, and not engraved Anaglyphic work, a species of sculpture wherein figures are made prominent by embossing

Analemma, a projection of the meri

dian; used also to designate a wall, pier, or buttress Analogium, a tomb over the bodies of

saints; also a term formerly applied to pulpits wherein the gospels and epistles were read

Anamorphosis, a distorted piece of perspective, occasioned by too near a point of view, and from the injudicious attitude or situation of the object, but perfectly true according to the laws of perspective Anchor, an instrument used for the mooring of ships; in architecture, a decorative moulding used in the orders, and applied to the echinus; also an ornament in the form of the fluke of an anchor, frequently cut in the ovolo of Ionic capitals, and in the bed-mouldings of Ionic and Corinthian cornices

Anchor-stock, in ship-building, a method of working planks, by which the abutments are to be disposed near the middle of those planks which are above or below them Ancon, in decoration, a carved drinking-cup or horn; an elbow or angle, or corner-stone. The Ancona foot measure is 1.282 of an English foot

Ancone, a console or ornament cut on the key-stone of an arch Ancones, trusses or consoles employed in the dressings of apertures; also used to signify the corners or quoins of walls, cross-beams, or rafters, &c. Andirons, iron bars with legs to sup

port logs of wood in fire-places Android, in mechanics, an automaton Andron, an apartment, cloister, or

gallery, assigned to the male part of a monastic establishment; applied also to the space in a church by which the men were separated from the women

Anemography, a description of the winds

Anemometer, an instrument for measuring the force of the wind Anemoscope, a machine to denote the changes of the wind or weather Angiportum, among the ancients, a narrow lane between two rows of houses

Angle, in geometry, the mutual inclination of two lines meeting in a point

Angle-bar, in joinery, the upright bar at the angle of a polygonal window Angle-bead, a vertical bead, commonly

of wood, fixed to an exterior angle, and flush with the surface of the plaster, &c. of rooms, arches, &c. Angle-brace, in carpentry, timber fixed to the two extremities of a piece of quadrangular framing, making it to partake of the form of an octagon Angle-bracket, a bracket placed in the vertex of an angle, and not at right angles with the sides Angle-capital, used in Ionic capitals to the flank columns which have their volutes placed at an angle of 45° with the planes of the front and returning friezes Angle-float, in plastering, a float made to any internal angle to the planes of both sides of a room Angle-modillion, a modillion placed in a direction parallel to a diagonal drawn through a cornice at its mitreing

Angle of application, the angle which

the line of direction of a power gives the lever it acts upon Angle of inclination, the angle an inclined plane makes with the hori

zon

Angle of traction, the angle which the direction of a power makes with the inclined plane Angular perspective, a term applied to the horizontal lines, both of the front and end of a building, converging to vanishing points, and terminating in the horizon; it is sometimes called oblique perspective

Anhydrous sulphuric acid, pure sulphuric acid, in the form of a crystalline solid

Annealing, the process of softening and restoring the malleability of metals, by heating and allowing them to cool very slowly; and by which means glass, cast iron, and steel may be united to other substances

Annotto, in chemistry, a reddish-yellow vegetable dye, obtained from the seeds of the bixa orellana, and used for colouring cheese Annular engine, a direct-action marine engine, having two concentric cylinders; the annular space is fitted with a piston which is attached to a T-shaped cross-head by two piston-rods: the cross-head is formed by two plates with a space between for the connecting-rod to vibrate, and the lower end slides within the inner cylinder, and is connected to the crank. This arrangement has been patented by Messrs. Maudslay Annular vault, a vaulted roof supported on circular walls Annulated columns, those clustered together or joined by rings or bands Annulet, in architecture, a small square member in the Doric capital; also the name of a small flat moulding

Antæ, square pilasters terminating the walls of a temple: when a temple had no portico in front, two columns were made to intervene

between the antæ, and the aspect of the temple was said to be in antis Ante-chamber, a room or passage to an inner chamber, for the accommodation of servants and persons in waiting Ante-capitulum, part of a cloister before the door of a chapter-house Antefixe (by some called Greek tiles),

upright ornamental blocks placed at intervals on the cornice along the side of a roof, to conceal or rather terminate the ridges formed by the overlapping of the roof tiles; also heads of lions, &c., for water spouts, below the eaves of temples Antemural, a term applied to the outward wall of a castle; or that which separates a presbytery from a choir; also to a barbican entrance before a castle Antepagmenta, or Antepagmentum, the jamb of a door-case Ante-parallels, in geometry, lines which make equal angles with two other lines, but in a contrary direction

Ante-portico, a term sometimes used to denote an outer porch or vestibule; the propylæum in classic architecture

Anterides, buttresses for strengthening walls

Ante-solarium, a balcony facing the

sun

Ante-venna, an awning or projecting roof of wood-work; a wooden or pent-house before a shop Anthepsa, a Grecian vessel used for boiling water or keeping it hot; a cooking utensil

Anthracite, a coal not bituminous, found principally in South Wales and in the United States

Antics, in architecture, figures of men, beasts, &c., placed as ornaments to buildings

Anticum, a porch before a door Antilia, an ancient machine similar to the modern pump

Antimensium, a portable altar or consecrated table, used as a substitute for a proper altar

Antimeter, an optical instrument for measuring angles

Antimony, a metal usually found in a crude state combined with sulphur, of a bluish-white colour, crystalline texture, brittle, and easily pulverized. It does not oxidate at ordinary temperatures in the air, but, when heated, it burns with a light flame, producing the oxide; it fuses at 800°, and volatilizes at a white heat Antimony yellow, a preparation of antimony, of a deeper colour than Naples yellow, and similar in its properties: it is principally used in enamel and porcelain painting, and is very various in tint; that of a bright colour is not affected by foul air, although blackened by sugar of lead Antipagments, ornaments in carved work on the architrave, jambs, posts, or puncheons of doors Antiquarium, a repository for antique monuments

Antrellum, a small cave or grotto; also a small temple Antrum, an early temple for Christian worship

Antrum tumbale, a sepulchral cave or grotto

Antwerp blue, light-coloured, and somewhat brighter than Prussian blue, or ferro-prussiate of alumine, having more of the terrene basis, but all the other qualities of that pigment, except its extreme depth. Haarlem blue is a similar pigment Antwerp brown, a preparation of asphaltum ground in strong drying oil, by which it becomes less liable to crack

Anvil, a large block of iron with a very hard smooth horizontal surface on the top, in which there is a hole at one end, for the purpose of inserting various tools, and a strong steel chisel, on which a piece of iron may be laid, and cut through by a blow with a hammer A-peek, a nautical term implying that the cable is hove taut, so as to bring the vessel nearly over her anchor :

the yards are a-peek when they are topped up by contrary lifts Aperture, an opening in a wall, doorway, or window

Apex, the top or highest point of a cone, mountain, pyramid, spire, roof, &c.

Apiary, a place where bees are kept Aplome, a mineral of a deep orange colour

Aplustre, in early naval architecture, a carved tablet fixed on the extremity of a ship's head Apodyterium, a dressing-room oranteroom to a bath in Roman villas, contiguous to the laconicum Apophyge, in architecture, that part of a column between the upper fillet of the base and the cylindrical shaft, which is usually curved into it by a concave sweep or inverted

cavetto

Apostles (the) of Jesus Christ were his chief disciples, whom he invested with his authority, filled with his spirit, and instructed particularly in his doctrines and services: they were chosen to raise the edifice of his church; and, after his resurrection, sent into all the world, commissioned to preach, to baptize, and to work miracles. The names of the twelve were,-1. Peter. 2. Andrew. 3. John. 4. Philip. 5. James, major. 6. Bartholomew. 7. Thomas. 8. Matthew. 9. Simon. 10. Jude. 11. James, minor. 12. Judas Iscariot. The last betrayed his master, and having hanged himself, Matthias was chosen in his place Apotheca, a place in the upper part of the house, in which the Romans frequently placed their wines in earthen amphora; also an apothecary's shop, a cabinet, storehouse, &c.

Apothesis, a recess on the south side of the chancel of a church, fitted up with shelves for books, vestments, &c.

Apparatus, a term denoting a complete set of instruments belonging to an artist or a mechanist Appaumée, in heraldry, to extend the

palm of the hand and the thumb and fingers at full length Appian way, a celebrated road leading from Rome to Brundusium: so named from Appius Claudius Appii forum, the forum built by Ap

pius, the Roman consul, about 50 miles distant from Rome, near the modern town of Piperno, on the way to Naples. The uses to which the Romans applied the forum were so various, that it is not easy to ascertain the nature of the building. It might have been a place for the distribution of justice, or for holding a market. The Three Taverns' were nearer to Rome than the Appii forum, as Cicero intimates, who, in going from Rome, a little before he came to the forum of Appius, arrived at the Three Taverns; so that probably the chief number of Christians waited for the Apostle Paul at a place of refreshment, while some of their number went forward to meet him and to acquaint him with their expectation of seeing him among them, and for which they respectfully waited his coming. -Calmet.

Apple-tree, a wood generally hard and close, and of reddish-brown tints, used commonly in Tunbridge turnery, &c.

Apricot-tree, a native wood of Armenia, used by the French in turnery

Apron, the sill or lower part of a window; a platform or flooring of plank raised at the entrance of a dock: in naval architecture, a piece of curved timber fixed behind the lower part of the stern of a ship

Apsis, the east end of a church or

chancel; sometimes applied to a canopy over an altar; also to a circle about a star or planet Apsis gradata, a bishop's throne in

cathedral churches

Apyrous, a chemical term applied to refractory bodies which resist heat Aqua fortis, in chemistry, nitric acid diluted; the more concentrated is named spirit of nitre

Aquamale, a holy-water basin Aqua regia, nitro-muriatic acid; a compound of two parts nitric acid and one part muriatic acid Aquatinta, in the arts, engraving which resembles drawings in Indian ink

Aqua tofano, a poisonous liquor Aqueduct, a conduit for water: a construction of stone or timber, built on uneven ground, to preserve the level of water, and convey it by a canal from one place to another Aquemola, a water-mill Aquila, a reading-desk, so called from its shape being that of an eagle with extended wings, supported by a pedestal

Arabesque, generally applied to a style of ornament for pilasters, friezes, &c., as those painted by Rafaelle in the Vatican Arabo-tedesco, a term applied to the Moorish style of buildings in Spain,

&c.

Ara dignitatis, an altar at which none but the highest ecclesiastics perform divine rites

Aræostyle, in architecture, the greatest interval or distance which can be made between columns, that is, eight modules or four diameters ; also a species of temple which has its columns placed widely asunder Arbor, a spindle or axis upon which a

ring or wheel is turned in a lathe Arbor Dianæ, in chemistry, crystals formed by the combination of silver and mercury

Arbores, brass branches for lights suspended from ceilings

Arboretum, a grove of trees in a park,

pleasure-ground, or garden

Arbor vitæ, a tree which attains to a height of from 40 to 50 feet; its wood is of a reddish colour, very light, soft, and fine-grained, and is much used in house carpentry Arc, in geometry, part of the circum

ference of a circle, or any curve lying between two points; a bow, vault, or arch

Arca, a place in a vaulted chamber

for sepulchral purposes; an exca

vation before the basement story of a house; an enclosed space; a chest in which the Romans deposited their money: the word is also used to signify a beam of wood which has a groove or channel hollowed in it from one end to the other

Arcade, a series of recesses with arched ceilings or soffits; a covered passage; in modern appliances, a vaulted avenue, now much in vogue, more particularly in Paris. Arcades, though less magnificent than colonnades, are of extraordinary beauty when well contrived, affording shade from the sun and shelter from the rain. Though not so magnificent as colonnades, they are stronger, more solid, and less expensive. They are proper for triumphal entrances, gates of cities, of palaces, of gardens, and of parks; for public squares, markets, or large courts in general, and for all apertures that require an extraordinary width.

THEIR ORNAMENTS.-The piers of arcades may be decorated with columns, pilasters, niches, and apertures of different forms. The arch itself may be turned either with rock-worked or plain rustic arch stones or voussoirs, or with an archivolt properly moulded. The keystone is generally carved in the form of a console, or sculptured with some head, or the like. archivolt springs from an impost or plat-band, or sometimes from columns; but this is not to be practised except in cases of the most urgent nature, for it makes neither substantial nor beautiful work.

The

In arches that are of large dimensions, the keystone should never be omitted; its carving, however, may be dispensed with, if expense be an object. When the piers are decorated with disengaged columns, the entablature must break round over the columns; and the columns, whether engaged or not, should stand either on a pedestal or high plinth, by which means they will

not only be kept dry, but their bases will likewise be protected from accidental damage.-Arches must always rise from an impost or a plat-band; and if there be no keystone to the archivolt, its summit should be kept down from the under side of the architrave of the accompanying order, at least half the distance that it would be, were a keystone employed, in order that the disagreeable appearance of the acute angle which it would otherwise form with the architrave may be avoided.

The

THEIR PROPORTIONS. height of arches to the under side of their crowns should not exceed twice their clear width, nor should it be much less; the piers not less than one-third the breadth of the arch, nor more than two-thirds; but the piers at the angles should be wider than the other piers by one-half or one-fourth at least Arcæ, in Roman architecture, the gutters of the cavedium Arc-boutant, a kind of arched buttress formed of a flat arch, or part of an arch, and abutting against the feet or sides of another arch or vault, to support them, and prevent them from bursting or giving way Arcella, in mediæval architecture, a cheese-room

Arch, the curved part of a building, supported at its extremities only, and concave towards the earth; a vaulted roof, or dome, constructed either with bricks, stone, or other materials: the arch of a bridge is formed of segments of a circle, elliptical or catenarian; in Christian architecture, arches display twentytwo varieties of form. Arches are used in large intercolumniations of spacious buildings; in porticoes, both within and without temples; in public halls, as ceilings, the courts of palaces, cloisters, theatres, and amphitheatres: they also are used to cover the cellars in the foundations of houses and powder-magazines; also as buttresses