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8. Our country produced 302,502,328 lb. of wool in 1901, 316,341,032 lb. in 1902, 287,450,000 lb. in 1903. How many pounds did it produce in these three years?

9. The amount of coal mined in this country in 1900 was 225,759,980 tons of soft coal and 67,538,536 tons of hard coal. How many tons were there of both?

10. Of the world's cotton supply in 1903, America produced 10,877,000 bales, the East Indies 1,050,000 bales, and other countries 1,230,000 bales. What was the total pro

duction for that year?

11. The amount of money deposited in our savings banks in a certain year was as follows: New England states, $1,000,175,255; other eastern states, $1,308,940,078; southern states, $16,530,046; central states, $257,491,072; other states, $180,438,675. Required the total amount.

12. Of our 200,000 miles of railroad, the greatest mileage for any state is in Illinois, which had not long ago 11,119 mi. Next in amount of mileage was Pennsylvania with 10,538 mi., and then came Texas with 10,189 mi. What was the total mileage of these three states?

13. The number of bushels of grain grown in the United States in a recent year was as follows: corn, 2,105,102,516 bu.; wheat, 756,269,573 bu.; oats, 800,125,989 bu.; barley, 58,925,833 bu.; rye, 23,995,927 bu.; and buckwheat, 9,566,966 bu., each year. Required the total.

14. The annual income of the colleges and universities in various parts of the country was recently as follows: North Atlantic division, $9,187,016; South Atlantic division, $2,015,910; South Central division, $2,061,615; North Central division, $7,865,045; Western division, $1,659,468. What was the total for all these divisions?

14. If the column is very long, business men often write on a separate slip of paper the partial sums as $2.35 here shown, so as to check mistakes more easily. Whether you do this or not, always check your work by adding again in the opposite direction.

The following exercise is intended for rapid drill work. To save the time of copying, teachers may prefer to have the pupils place a slip of paper below the line and write the sum on that.

3.46

9.87

7.03

21

15

21

$22.71

WRITTEN EXERCISE

Add the following:

1. 124,483 2. 69,869 3. 316,499 4. 15,755 5. 241,400

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SUBTRACTION

ORAL EXERCISE

1. What number added to the lower of these numbers

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2. If you hand a merchant $1, how much change should you get if you owe him 75 ct.? 60 ct.? 25 ct.? 88 ct.?

Throughout the course there should be much oral drill on such problems as the above. It is expeditious, in the case of 75–48, to think: "48 and 2 are 50, and 25 more are 75; 2 + 25 = 27."

75

48

27

15. Difference. The number which added to one number makes another is called the difference between them.

That is, the difference between 75 and 48 is 27, because 48 +27 = = 75.

16. Subtraction. The operation of finding the difference between two numbers is called subtraction.

Subtraction may also be defined as the operation of taking one number from another, and the result may be defined as the remainder or difference. But since a great deal of subtraction is "making change, ," where the work is based on addition, the definitions first given are better.

17. Subtrahend. The number to which the difference is added, or the number which is subtracted, is called the subtrahend.

563 minuend

127 subtrahend 436 difference or remainder

18. Minuend. The sum of the difference and subtrahend, or the number from which we subtract, is called the minuend.

19. The process. In subtracting 756 from 1632,

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We cannot subtract 6 from 2, but 12 – 6 = 6.

We have now used 10 of the 30, leaving 20. We cannot subtract 50 from 20, but 120 – 50 = 70. We have now used 100 of the 1600, and 1500 – 700

= 800.

The above is one of the most common methods of subtracting, but the class should follow the method learned in the earlier grades. It is confusing to learn new methods that are little better than the old The teacher is advised to give but little time to asking for such definitions as those on page 10, for the terms are rarely used in business. The business man says, “Deduct $10 and pay me the balance," instead of "Subtract $10 and pay me the remainder."

ones.

20. Making change. If you owe 70 cents and give the merchant $1, he says: "70 and 5 are 75, and 25 more makes a dollar," at the same time laying down 5 cents and 25 cents. He thus sees that $1 $0.70 = $0.30.

ORAL EXERCISE

1. Make change for $1, when you owe 55 ct.; 37 ct. 2. Also for $2, when you owe $1.49; $1.62, $1.16. 3. Also for $5, when you owe $2.75; $3.10; $1.48.

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INTERESTING FACTS IN OUR HISTORY

A few important dates

1492. Columbus discovered America.

1609. The Hudson River first explored.

1620. Landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth.
1664. New York City captured from the Dutch.
1776. Signing of the Declaration of Independence.
1789. George Washington inaugurated President.

WRITTEN EXERCISE

1. How many years since Columbus discovered America? 2. How long after that was the Hudson explored?

Landing of the Pilgrims

3. How many years since Washington was inaugurated?

4. How long ago did the Mayflower reach Plymouth?

5. How many years after that did the English capture New York from the Dutch?

6. How many years from the Declaration

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of Independence to the next Fourth of July after to-day? 7. How long after Columbus discovered America was the landing of the Pilgrims?

8. It lacked only 2 years of being a century and a quarter from the battle of Lexington to that of Manila, 1898. When was the battle of Lexington?

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