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himself, gained Leighton's bursary. At this period of his life, young Campbell is described as being a fair and beautiful boy, with pleasant and winning manners, and a mild and cheerful disposition. It was about this time, also, that he began to write poetry. He remained seven years at college, during which he took many prizes, and became distinguished in literature, but especially as a Greek scholar. On leaving the University, he went to reside for some time amongst the splendid scenery in the west Highlands, which did much to inspire him with the grand and romantic ideas which he afterwards introduced into some of his poetical pieces, such as Lord Ullin's Daughter, &c. After residing about a year in the Highlands, Campbell removed to Edinburgh, where, having completed the Pleasures of Hope, commenced in the Highlands, he published it in April, 1799, when yet scarcely 22. The work met with brilliant success, having passed through four editions in one year, which enabled him to carry out a wish which he had cherished for some time-to make a tour through Germany. Early in 1800, he accordingly proceeded from Leith to Hamburgh, and remained about a year on the continent, visiting several of the German states He then witnessed the battle of Hohenlinden, fought on the 3rd December, 1800, at that village, which he has commemorated by the thrilling piece bearing its name. On his return to Hamburgh, on his way home, Campbell casually met with some Irish refugees, whose touching story led him to write The Exile of Erin, In 1803, he removed to London; and in the autumn of the same year, he married his cousin, Miss Sinclair, of Greenock, when he fixed his residence in the village of Sydenham, in Kent, about seven miles from London. He continued to live there, busily occupied in literary work of various kinds, till 1821, when the multiplicity of his engagements caused

him to remove into the city. To Campbell, along with Lord Brougham, and others, belongs the credit of having originated the London University. In 1806, Mr. Campbell received a government pension of L,300 a year. In 1809, he published the second volume of his poems, and in 1826 he was first chosen Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow; "the greatest honour," he himself declared, "that had ever been conferred upon him." The Senatus of the college soon after gave him the honorary degree of LL.D. In 1838, Campbell presented a handsome bound copy of all his works to her Majesty Queen Victoria, who not only graciously received them, but honoured him, in return, by sending him her full-length portrait, in a splendid frame. Dr. Campbell died in June, 1844, at Bologne, in France, where he had gone for his health, and was buried with great respect in Westminster Abbey.

CAPSULA, Lat., a little chest or box; a casket.

CARMEL, MOUNT, a mountain overlooking the Mediterranean sea, on the west coast of the Holy Land. See 1st Kings 18 and 42, Jer. 46 and 18, Amos 1 and 2. CARNIOLA, a province of Austria, formerly a duchy. CARTHAGINIAN, a citizen of Carthage. "The Carthaginian on his march to Rome." See Hannibal.

CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (of Utica, the place of his death), a celebrated Roman, was the great grandson of Cato the censor. He was born 93 B. C., and is said to have early shown great powers of mind and strength of character. He was chosen priest of Apollo when very young, and afterwards filled different important offices in the Roman state, in all of which he displayed great firmness of purpose, rectitude of conduct, and consistency of principle. He was a devoted republican, and sternly opposed every party and measure which he thought injurious to the interests of the

commonwealth, whatever might be the consequence to himself personally. He accordingly took an active part against Cæsar when he beheld him grasping undue power. After commanding in different parts of Europe, Cato crossed to Africa to oppose his progress. Cæsar, however, having gained a complete victory over the republican armies, Cato took refuge in the city of Utica, with the intention of defending it; but finding it impossible to sustain the courage of his companions, he advised them to secure their own safety by flight, resolving to take his own life rather than to fall into the hands of the conqueror. He retired into his chamber, and, with great composure, stabbed himself with his own sword. Falling into a swoon, his friends took the opportunity to bind up the wound; but on coming to himself, he tore off the bandage, and expired, in the 48th year of his age, 44 B.C. When Cæsar heard of his death, he exclaimed, "Cato, I envy thee thy death, since thou hast envied me the glory of saving thy life !"

CAYENNE, the eastern division of Guiana, on the north-east of South America. It belongs to the French, and is extremely unhealthy, being low and wet, and covered with large forests. Extent, 20,000 square miles; population, 22,000. Cayenne, the capital, population, 5,200, is situated on an island of the same name, at the mouth of a river also called Cayenne.

CENIS, a mountain of the Alps, 11,460 feet high, across which is the principal road between France and Italy.

CE'PHRENES, or CE'PHREN, a king of Egypt, who built one of the pyramids.

CHALMERS, THOMAS, D.D., LL.D. This extraordinary man was born in the ancient town of Anstruther, in Fifeshire, on the 17th March, 1780. He was the fourth son of Mr. John Chalmers, a respectable

merchant and dyer there, and the sixth of a family of fourteen. Although, to escape the harsh treatment of a cruel nurse, he went to school when only three years old, he was remarkable for nothing in his early youth but a good-natured cheerfulness, with an absence of everything mischievous and deceitful. He had early resolved to be a minister, and, in 1791, he entered the University of St. Andrews, before he had completed his 12th year. In almost any circumstances it must be highly inexpedient to enter college at such an immature age; but this was especially the case with young Chalmers, who had improved his school opportunities so ill, that his biographer says of his compositions, even after he had been a year or two at college, that they "abundantly prove that the work of writing his own tongue with ordinary correctness had still to be begun." Let no young person take encouragement from this, in connection with Dr. Chalmers's future fame, to neglect their early opportunities of improvement, by trusting to after years. Besides the sin of such a course, and the danger of never reaching the promised period, let them remember that few indeed can calculate on the high talents and persevering energy which enabled him to overcome his youthful negligence. His third session at college, his biographer remarks, was Dr. Chalmers's intellectual birth time. He then entered on the study of mathematics, under Dr. James Brown, and the science and its professor were so congenial to his taste, as to impart an impulse to his mighty genius, which led him on from step to step until his fame became as extensive as the boundaries of the civilised world. Mr. Chalmers, being a "lad o' pregnant pairts," was licensed to preach the gospel in 1799, at the early age of 19. The two following years, however, were almost entirely devoted to scientific studies, under the most able professors of

the age, in the University of Edinburgh. Mr. Chalmers was ordained minister of Kilmany, a parish in Fifeshire, on the 12th May, 1803. Here he remained for twelve years, during which some of his first publications appeared. He was married to Grace, second daughter of Captain Prat, on the 4th of August, 1812, by whom he had six daughters; one of whom is married to Dr. Hanna, his biographer. But the most important event that happened Mr. Chalmers at Kilmany was the change in his religious state. Although he had become a minister of the gospel, and believed its truths as a series of historical facts, it was only in the eighth year of his ministry that he knew it to be true by feeling its saving power on his own heart. The death of a brother, and the reading of Wilberforce's View of Christianity, seem to have been the principal means used by the Spirit of God in accomplishing this great change. And in his case we have an intensely interesting illustration of the ennobling influence of the gospel, even on minds upon which nature has lavished her richest treasure. Mr. Chalmers was elected, on the 25th of November, 1814, by the Magistrates of Glasgow, minister of the Tron Church in that city, to which he was admitted on the 21st July next year. Chalmers acted as one of the ministers of Glasgow upwards of eight years-the first four years in the Tron parish, and the other four as minister of the new parish of St John's. In many respects, this was the most important period of his invalu able life. His popularity as a preacher had now reached its climax, which could scarcely have been surpassed. Nor were the effects of his preaching merely instantaneous and passing in their nature, but, on the contrary, they were of the most substantial and permanent character, producing a kind of revolution in the religious world. In St. John's parish he accomplished wonders in the

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